地方政府干预、区域金融发展与中国经济增长方式转型——基于财政分权背景的实证研究

本文运用中国1991-2005年的省际面板数据，研究了财政分权背景下地方政府干预和区域金融发展对经济增长方式转型产生的影响。研究发现，区域金融发展有助于促进省际TFP增长率的提高，并有效抑制了资本的“粗放式”积累，这有助于经济增长方式从“粗放型”向“集约型”转变。但在财政分权的背景下，出于自身财政压力和政治晋升压力等原因，地方政府会直接或间接干预金融机构的资金运用，这会固化中国目前依靠资本投入和积累速度提高的“粗放型”经济增长方式，因而对经济增长方式转型产生极为不利的影响。同时，金融发展和财政压力的地区差异，也会造成落后地区以更为“粗放”的方式实现增长。这会加剧落后地区金融风险的积累，不利于我国宏观经济的稳定。因此，协调中国的财政体制与金融体制改革，对促进经济增长方式转型和经济增长效率的提升极其重要。     

财政分权对区域资本流动影响研究

资本流动是提高资本配置效率、促进经济增长的前提和基础。文章从基础设施建设、地方保护和市场分割以及地方政府的"攫取之手"分析财政分权对区域资本流动的影响机理,并利用30个省(自治区、直辖市)1995—2011年的面板数据检验了财政分权和区域资本流动的关系。研究发现,财政分权抑制了区域资本流动,有必要通过完善财政分权体制来缓解其负面效应,以促进区域资本流动和中国经济健康发展。     

最优财政分权与经济增长

财政的过度分权与过度集权都不利于经济增长 ,财政分权问题的关键在于寻求最优的分权水平。与最优的经济增长水平相适应 ,存在着最优财政分权水平 ,这一水平取决于中央政府和地方政府的财政支出于实物资本与人力资本的份额。本文对中国 1 994年财政制度改革以来的财政分权对经济增长和地区经济发展不平衡的影响进行了经验检验 ,结果表明 ,中国财政分权水平既并未能有效地促进地区的经济增长 ,又加剧了地区经济发展的差异程度。未来中国财政制度改革的挑战更多的是如何选择适度的财政分权水平 ,在促进经济增长的同时缩小地区经济发展的不平衡     

财政分权与中国经济增长——基于面板数据的联立方程估计

本文将物质资本区分为私人资本与公共资本，保留劳动力变量，引入人力资本变量，并考虑产出随时间的变化，建立了一个内生增长的生产函数。在此基础上。扩展超越对数生产函数并推导出测量经济增长率的计量模型，在考虑财政分权通过影响人力资本与公共资本影响经济增长的基础上．构建研究财政分权与经济增长之间关系的联立方程模型。本文利用1995-2007年30个省级区域的面板数据，实证研究了财政分权对中国经济增长的影响，并指出了本文研究结果的现实政策含义。     

财政分权在中国经济增长中的要素贡献度分析

本文以新制度经济学的思维范式,将财政分权这一重要制度变量视为内生变量,引入经济增长核算方程。通过对比是否将财政分权度引入经济增长核算模型,研究改革开放后财政分权对经济增长的影响以及相比于其他动力因素如资本、劳动等财政分权的贡献度。实证发现财政分权对经济增长的贡献度远远超过其他各要素,对改革开放以来我国的经济增长发挥了重要作用。     

分税制改革与我国财政分权经济增长效应的跨区差异

在Bazm（1990）、Davoodi和Zou（1998）模型的基础上,文章构造了一个财政分权与经济增长关系的模型,并利用相关省级面板数据,实证研究了分税制改革对我国经济增长跨区差异的影响。结果发现,1994年分税制改革后,我国财政分权的经济增长效应呈现出显著的跨区差异,并且财政分权总体上扩大了地区差距。笔者认为,分税制改革后不同地区产业结构与所有制结构的差异所导致的地方政府行为的差异是造成我国财政分权经济增长效应跨区差异与地区差距扩大的重要原因。     

“两型社会”经济运行制度研究——基于财政分权的视角

我国"两型社会"建设已由理论概念转变成现实行动,国家财政分权制度是促进经济快速增长和经济运行效率提高的一个重要因素。在财政分权与经济增长关系理论文献与经验研究进行回顾的基础上,分别从理论和实证角度证明:财政分权对经济增长的积极作用呈现边际递减;存在一个最优财政分权点(或者至少存在一个可判断的最优财政分权区间),与经济发展相协调,促进经济快速增长。在控制影响经济增长的其它变量后,得到68.58%是我国的最优财政分权点,这一结论也得到了现实的印证。希望这一结论在我国"两型社会"建设,经济发展方式转变和追求财政分权与集权的制度博弈中,给政府决策财政分权尺度提供有价值的建议。     

财政分权与经济增长文献综述

在过去三十年的改革进程中,中国推行的财政分权体制使得地方政府成为了相对独立的经济体,并且各地方政府均以推动当地经济增长为首要责任。作为代表性的发展中国家,由于历史的原因,中国的财政分权制度有其特殊性。因此,研究中国财政分权程度与经济增长之间的关系具有很强的理论与现实意义。本文回顾了财政分权理论及财政分权与经济增长关系的实证研究文献,希望可以对中国财政分权的相关研究提供一定的借鉴。     

财政分权、经济增长与外贸依存度——基于1978～2007年改革开放30年数据的实证分析

本文以我国1978～2007年的数据,运用协整、Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数研究了我国财政分权、经济增长对外贸依存度的动态影响。研究发现:长期内,财政分权会推进外贸依存度的提高,而短期内财政分权对外贸依存度的作用不显著;以人均GDP衡量的经济增长,在短期内可提高外贸依存度水平,而在长期中却会降低外贸依存度。分析表明,财政分权引致的地方政府为经济增长而产生的对FDI和出口的激励,以及贸易升级、产业结构调整、内需导向型经济增长模式,是财政分权、经济增长和外贸依存度之间动态关系产生的内在逻辑。     

财政分权在转型国家的实践——由中、印财政分权体制对比看中国式财政分权

本文从财政分权与经济增长的关系入手,首先回顾了经典文献中对于财政分权体制的优势和弊端的论述。继而联系现实经济,在比较分析中、印两国财政体制的构架及现实分权状况之后,对中国式财政分权的特殊性进行了剖析。经济分权与政治集权相结合的财政分权使中国的经济改革在过去20多年中取得了举世瞩目的成就,但其弊端也日益凸现。如何降低分权成本,更好地发挥分权优势已成为新阶段中国经济改革能否成功的关键所在。     

Declining Labor Share： Is China＇s Case Different？

This paper explores why labor share in China has declined since the middle of the 1990s. Existing literature usually ascribes the labor share decline in developed countries to biased technological progress. However, our investigation shows that China ＂s case is different. Using a simultaneous equation model estimated with three-stage least squares, we find that FD1, levels of economic development and privatization have negative effects on the labor share. The negative influence of FDl on labor share results from regional competition for FD1, which weakens labor forces＂ bargaining power. A U-shaped relationship exists between labor share and the level of economic development, and China is now on the declining part of the curve. The negative effects of privatization on the labor share stem from the elimination of the so-called ＂wage costs eroding profit ＂ situation and the positive supply shock on the labor market.     

The factor income distribution in China: 1978–2007

This paper investigates changes in aggregate labor share in China during 1978 and 2007 with a particular focus on the 1995–2007 period during which official statistics report a drop of 12.45 percentage points in labor's share of national income (labor share). Our main findings are: (1) The reported fall in aggregate labor share is overstated. According to the official statistics released by the NBS (2007a), the labor share fell 5.25 percentage points from 2003 to 2004. However this dramatic decline, 42.16% of the total reported decline of the labor share from 1995 to 2007, is completely due to the changes in the way NBS break down the operating surplus state-owned and collective-owned farms and the mixed income of the owners of individual economy; (2) For the last three decades, two main forces have been driving shifts in the aggregate labor share: (i) structural transformation between the agriculture and non-agriculture sectors and (ii) shifts in the labor share within the industry sector; (3) From 1995 to 2003, these two effects are both negative and together drive down aggregate labor share by 5.48 percentage points. The structural change explains 61.31% of the decline and the remaining 38.69% of the decline is due to the changes in the labor share within sectors, primarily in the industry sector; (4) Labor share in agriculture is lower than labor share in services. Therefore, when the service sector grows relative to the agriculture sector in the economy, the aggregate labor share of income declines; and (5) Restructuring of the SOEs and expanded monopoly power are the main reasons for the decline of labor share within industry after 1998. Relative price shifts, the factor input ratio, and biased technological progress are all insignificant forces for this decline because the substitution between factors in the industry sector is nearly unit elastic.     

增值税改革对企业劳动份额的作用机制——基于面板三重差分模型的实证研究

以中国工业企业数据为样本,从微观层面运用面板三重差分模型（DDD）对增值税转型的效果进行了测算,发现增值税转型显著降低了劳动份额,并且显著降低了政府份额。为了探索其内在机制,基于收入分配的视角,进一步分析发现增值税转型对劳动份额存在两方面的效果,一是增值税转型降低政府份额,政府份额下降有利于增加劳动份额。二是增值税转型加剧资本对劳动的替代。实证研究发现第二种效果大于第一种效果,最终降低了劳动报酬。研究补充了增值税改革的经验,为2015年营业税改增值税的政策评价提供了参考。     

财政分权、劳动保护与劳动收入占比

当前中国劳动收入占比变动与地方政府的政治经济行为决策有着很大的关系,地方政府放松对劳动的保护在相当程度造成了劳动收入在初次分配中的比重持续走低。本文基于省级数据,运用动态面数据的GMM方法着重考察和检验了财政分权驱动下放松劳动保护对劳动收入占比下降的影响,其中一个重要机理是,在财政分权的激励下,地方政府可能放松对劳动的保护并将其作为引资“优惠政策”和争取本地选民的重要手段,而这在一定程度上影响着劳动者应获得的劳动报酬及福利。实证结果表明,财政分权对劳动收入占比产生了显著的负面效应,而财政分权正是通过弱化劳动保护进行传导进而影响到劳动收入占比,因而财政分权能够在很大程度上显著地决定着劳动收入占比的变动,此外,2005年以来所实施的有利于改善劳工保护的系列政策产生了较好的经济效果。最后,本文在此基础上提出了相应的政策建议。     

Golden Rules of Wages

We consider a neoclassical growth model where labor collectively chooses labor share to maximize its steady‐state wage rate. In the basic two‐factor model, labor maximizes the steady‐state wage rate by setting labor share equal to the elasticity of output with respect to labor. This is precisely the competitive outcome. Only when we consider the model with organized and unorganized labor types can organized labor raise its steady‐state wage by choosing a higher than competitive labor share. Organized labor can benefit by choosing a higher labor share only at the expense of unorganized workers; not capital. We also analyze a version of the model that incorporates a tradeoff between collective bargaining opportunities and skill acquisition. All else equal, a higher skill premium leads organized labor to choose a higher labor share. Organized labor benefits again at the expense of skilled workers; not capital.     

Labor productivity in the United States and the United Kingdom during the nineteenth century

A number of writers have recently questioned whether labor productivity or per capita incomes were ever higher in the United Kingdom than in the United States. This paper focuses on aggregate and sectoral labor productivity in the two countries during the nineteenth century. We build on earlier work by Broadberry to push comparative productivity estimates back to 1840 based on a time series projection from a 1910 benchmark and checked against a benchmark estimate for 1850. The results indicate that labor productivity in agriculture was broadly equal in the two countries, and that the United States had a substantial labor productivity lead in industry as early as 1840, while the United Kingdom was ahead in services. Hence aggregate labor productivity and per capita incomes were higher in the United Kingdom in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly since the United States had a larger share of the labor force in low value-added agriculture and a smaller share of the population in the labor force.     

温州经济技术开发区出口贸易的劳动力效应——基于制造业细分行业面板数据的实证研究

在劳动力成为经济发展的关键因素背景下,文章利用温州经济技术开发区制造业24个细分行业的面板数据研究出口贸易对行业劳动生产率、劳动收入份额和单位资产就业吸收量等劳动力现象的影响,研究发现出口贸易会降低劳动生产率,同时出口贸易会提高行业劳动收入份额并且会增加单位资产就业吸收量.此外,劳动密集型产业样本数据的实证研究得出了相同的结论,但在劳动密集型产业中,出口贸易对劳动生产率的负面影响较弱,对劳动收入的正面影响较强,且对就业的正面影响较弱.     

“凿空之旅”泽万民:“一带一路”对外直接投资如何提高劳动收入份额

文章基于2003-2016年中国上市公司数据,采用倾向得分匹配和双重差分法（PSM-DID）探讨"一带一路"沿线对外直接投资与母国劳动收入份额之间的因果关系。实证发现,企业对外直接投资长期内整体上提高了职工的工资份额。考虑企业所处地区、行业和劳动者的异质性后,结论仍然稳健。具体而言,企业通过对外直接投资的逆向技术溢出提高了创新能力、研发投入和全要素生产率,从而提高了母国职工工资份额。此外,企业的技术进步具有高技能劳动力的偏向性,母国高技能劳动者的工资份额在企业对外直接投资中得以显著提升,但对于母国低技能劳动者的工资份额影响不显著。文章研究发现"一带一路"沿线对外直接投资对母国劳动收入份额的影响机制和具体效应提供了微观证据。     

Inequality of Opportunity in China's Labor Earnings: The Gender Dimension

This paper investigates the inequality of opportunity in China's labor earnings, defined as the component of inequality determined by personal circumstances that lie beyond the control of an individual, of which gender is one, as opposed to the component determined by personal efforts. Using the Survey of Women's Social Status in China (2010), we measure the share of inequality of opportunity in the total inequality of individual labor earnings for people aged 26–55 years, and separately for six birth cohorts and for female and male subsamples. Gender is revealed as the single most important circumstance determining nationwide individual labor earnings, with one's region of residence, father's occupation, father's education, birth cohort and holding rural or urban hukou also playing significant roles. A further investigation into the roles of circumstances and personal efforts (including education level, occupation, Communist Party membership, migration and marital status) confirms that circumstances play an alarmingly high role in shaping labor earnings distribution in China, and reveals notable gender differences that cannot be attributed to personal effort alone. These results provide the basis for recommending ways to improve gender equality of opportunity in the future.     

异质性科技人力资源对劳动收入份额影响的实证研究

使用中国大陆省级地区2008—2019年的面板数据从多个维度对科技人力资源对劳动收入份额的影响进行研究.结果显示:科技人力资源在东部地区与劳动收入份额同向变动,在中西部地区与劳动收入份额反向变动;高科技人力资源地区对劳动收入份额有显著正向影响,低科技人力资源地区对劳动收入份额有显著负向影响.在保证研究结论稳健性的基础上提出了对应的建议.