土地整理规划设计中的土地权属问题

通过分析国内外土地整理权属调整研究的现状,得出我国现阶段将权属调整和规划设计相结合方面的研究还很少。基于土地整理规划设计方面的实践,运用理论分析与实践相结合的方法,针对土地整理规划设计中四大工程,分别分析了各个工程中涉及的权属问题,并有针对性地提出建议及对策。     

农地流转问题综述

农地流转是农地制度市场化改革的内在要求。所有权的缺陷和农民对地权认识的模糊性阻碍了农地的流转。地权稳定性可以增加农民对农地的需求和投入,土地调整的功能和作用还没有一致的结论。选举产生的乡村干部可以满足农民对农地流转的意愿,而乡村干部的决策模式有待进一步的实证研究。     

How Labourers Fare in Fresh Fruit Export Industries: Lemon Production in Northern Argentina

Horticultural export industries have been acclaimed as promoting employment and growth. Critics, however, contend that most of the jobs created are low wage jobs. This article examines whether field labourers fared better than previously in a well positioned, producer-driven, innovative horticultural export industry. Our findings indicate that workers initially fared badly and we identify the strategies used to cap wages. Real wages and seasonal incomes increased significantly from 2002, but only after producers were pressured by government and the union regained political power. Contrary to expectation, escalating consumer demands for high-quality healthy fruit and responsible agronomic practices contributed to producers' response to the union's demands. We argue that the monitoring technologies and practices required by buyers allowed large producers to gain greater information about the role of field labourers in the production process and the transaction costs associated with unreliable, poorly trained occasional harvesters. Nevertheless, even after real wages rose, only few harvesting families managed to escape poverty at the height of the season.     

农村劳动力流转的效应分析

农业在耕地资源约束下,劳动生产率提高却造成了劳动力的大量富余。这些劳动力滞留于农村,不仅是一种资源浪费,不利于农业劳动生产率和农业劳动力报酬的提高,影响城乡经济系统的协调发展,而且会导致许多社会问题。通过分析农村劳动力向城市转移的积极和负面效应,指出农村劳动力向城市转移不仅是生产要素支配者追求报酬收益最大化的必然要求,同时也是实现城乡共同利益的需要。     

土地税费政策参与宏观调控的实践研究

通过分析耕地占用税、城镇土地使用税、土地增值税、新增建设用地有偿使用费（简称新增费）、土地闲置费等土地税费政策参与宏观调控实践效果,反应出我国土地税费政策参与宏观调控过程中存在税制结构不尽合理、土地取得环节税负偏低、保有环节征税范围过窄、流转环节税费政策实施难度大等问题。对策建议：优化土地税制设计,加强调控作用;在土地取得环节实行差别化税额标准;提高土地保有环节的税负;在土地流转环节加强税费征管。     

中国耕地问题的症结与治本之策

研究目的:揭示中国当今耕地问题的深层原因,寻求治本之策.研究方法:归纳推理法,现象溯因法.研究结果:不合理占用耕地的问题之所以一再得不到根本解决,是因为对问题的症结缺乏认识,因而相应的政策基本上是治标不治本.问题的症结是土地产权不明晰,农民没有掌握主动权,所以虽然采取"世界上最严格耕地保护政策",实际上农地却最容易被征用.产权不明晰又必然导致土地市场化不充分,地方政府很容易滥用征地权,损害农民的利益和全社会的利益.此外,发展城市和工业在一定程度上以牺牲农民和农村为代价的传统计划经济思路仍未扭转,被征用土地的农民得不到合理的补偿;对耕地价值的认识不足,耕地的外部性价值被忽略.对症下药的治本之策是:真正实现"耕者有其田";将"征地"制度改革为"购地"和"征购"制度;重建耕地资源价值评价体系,把耕地的社会、生态价值和对后代的价值纳入农业效益;逐步全面实行农业补贴.研究结论:中国问题的核心是农民问题,农民问题的核心是土地问题,土地问题的核心是产权问题.明晰土地产权是中国耕地问题的治本之策,也是"三农"问题的治本之策.     

Wages,Prices and Agriculture: How Can Indian Agriculture Cope with Rising Wages?

Rapid economic growth in India has resulted in rapidly rising rural wages. Using the framework of variable profit functions and household level data, we study econometrically the wage impacts on crop agriculture. Rising wages are associated with decreasing crop output, other things being equal. Crop prices would need to increase by 80% in the short run to offset the effect of an agricultural wage increase, or by 140% in the short run to offset rural non‐farm wage increases as well. However, because non‐land farm assets respond positively to the non‐farm wage, in the medium term this increase is reduced to 74%. During the period of 1999/00‐2007/08, growth in non‐land farm assets, the labour force, education and technology has easily compensated for the wage increase, and probably also for the accelerating wage growth. Focusing on growing these shifter variables is a much better policy option than raising prices that would come at the expense of consumers or taxpayers.     

Impact of land tenure on land use in low-income countries

The role of land tenure in agricultural development has been a subject of intensive research, particularly within the context of land and agrarian reform. The complexity of the world's major land tenure systems is well recognized and no attempt is made here to go beyond an overview as this paper limits itself to the impact of land tenure on land use in low income situations. Present land use is determined by a host of factors, of a physical/biological and socioeconomic nature. In applying land evaluation, the question it is necessary to ask is to what extent, when and where land tenure conditions act as a considerable constraining factor impeding a more optimal use of land resources. Even in what used to be low-population density areas (such as Sub-Saharan Africa) it appears that the frontier phase is becoming exhausted and the intensification of agriculture proceeds; it becomes imperative to examine land tenure in relation to land use implications. It is shown that so far a multi-disciplinary approach has often been lacking in treating land tenure and related issues.     

When collective action and tenure allocations collide: Outcomes from community forests in Quintana Roo,Mexico and Petén,Guatemala

Based on a comparative case study of four community forestry enterprises in Guatemala and Mexico, we examine the relationship between user group characteristics and state allocation of tenure bundles. Using Schlager and Ostrom's four levels of tenure bundles and collective action theory, we illustrate how tenure bundles and collective action costs interact to either promote or create disincentives for conservation and communal economic benefits. We suggest that in communities with high costs for collective action, a tenure bundle that includes management, withdrawal and exclusion rights yet omits alienation rights may be optimal for community forestry. We also demonstrate how unclear allocation of rights can result in local interpretations of land rights that do support collective action.     

黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力转移问题的研究

黑龙江省是个农业大省，土地资源相对丰富，但农民生活并不十分富裕。近几年，农村剩余劳动力大量出现。如何有效解决他们的转移问题依旧未能很好地解决，在客观分析黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力现状特点的基础上．提出了实现黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力有效转移的出路，力求实现现阶段农村刺余劳动力平稳、有序、科学、健康地转移。     

农地产权“有意的制度模糊说”质疑

研究目的:与\"有意的制度模糊\"学说商榷,籍以深化对中国农地产权制度的认识。研究方法:文献研究、法律文本分析。研究结果:(1)该学说认为中国农地产权制度没有任何歧义,这与集体化以来农地所有权属高度分化成为地方性知识并具有多种含义和所指的事实不相符;(2)该学说认为中央有意不在立法上明确界定农地的所有权归属,这与相关法律一直采用概括加列举式的立法技术试图明晰它的立法史实相违背;(3)该学说认为\"有意的制度模糊\"是中国农村改革成功的关键,且能有效化解土地纠纷,这些也与中国农村改革史和土地纠纷的发生机理相冲突。研究结论:\"有意的制度模糊\"学说不能成立,不可轻率使用\"模糊\"之类的词语来概括中国农地产权制度的缺陷。     

地权稳定性与农户土地投资：基于确权政策预期与落地影响差异的讨论

研究目的：利用江苏省18县地块层面2期调查数据,分析承包地确权政策从预期实施到落地完成各阶段对农户土地投资的影响差异,检验地权稳定性对土地投资的重要性并评估政策效果。研究方法：多期DID模型和Probit模型。研究结果：（1）确权政策对承包地投资的影响存在阶段性差异,在确权预期和启动阶段表现出抑制作用,在确权落地阶段则表现出促进农户对经营的自家承包地进行投资的作用,但不会促进对转入的他人承包地的投资。（2）从地权稳定性角度来看,抑制效应源于确权推广过程中土地调整或权属界定争议引致的地权不稳定,激励效应则源于确权落地后承包权稳定性的提高。（3）如果不控制确权预期和启动起到的作用,采用通常方法进行估计会高估确权落地的投资激励效应。研究结论：保持承包地地权稳定对促进农户对经营的自家承包地的投资具有重要意义。从激励投资角度来看,在二轮承包地即将到期之际各地应抓紧研究“再延30年”的具体方案并提前公布,稳定农民的产权预期。     

我国自然保护区土地权属法律制度及其存在的主要问题

我国现有法律法规中的自然保护区土地权属法律制度,片面强调自然保护的一面,而漠视了土地经济功能的发挥和自然保护区土地的财产属性。政府因财政负担能力有限,将土地经营管理权授予自然保护区管理机构,意味着自然保护区管理机构可以利用行政管理权、土地经营权集于一身的便利,追逐土地利益。法律所追求的自然保护目标难以实现,而自然保护区土地利益并未服务于解决社区贫困问题,造成了社区与政府之间长期的利益冲突。     

加强占补平衡新增耕地的产权管理促进土地可持续利用

耕地占补平衡工作既要注重新增耕地的数量和质量，也应重视补充耕地的后续管理工作。补充耕地的产权管理是耕地后续管理的重要组成部分。明晰的产权有利于新补充耕地的质量提高和生态环境的保护。建议将以土地整理方式补充的耕地交当地农民集体使用，而将通过土地开发补充的耕地集中使用，建立农业龙头企业，促进农业现代化。新增耕地也可用于生态移民，发挥社会和生态效益。     

中国农村土地调整的时序变化及地区差异——基于1999—2010年17省调查的实证分析

研究目的:基于1999—2010年中国17省农村土地调查数据,分析中国农村的土地调整、农户的调地意愿及其对未来地权稳定性的预期和信心。研究方法:描述分析,列联分析。研究结果:(1)二轮承包后,实际土地调整明显减少,近期则由于征地和土地整理等原因导致土地调整开始增多。(2)支持不得调整土地政策的农户比例显著高于反对的比例,土地承包合同和土地承包经营权证书等正式文件的发放有助于增强农户未来地权稳定性的信心。(3)土地调整的省市差异显著,而且平原地区调地多,丘陵和山区调地少。研究结论:中央政策对稳定农户地权稳定性的信心发挥了积极作用,并得到多数农民的拥护和支持;中央政策应进一步考虑不同地区资源禀赋和经济发展水平的差异,具有一定的弹性和灵活性。