Off-balance sheet activities and cost inefficiency in Taiwan's Banks

In this study, we adopt a stochastic cost frontier method to investigate the influence of off-balance sheet (OBS) activities on the cost efficiency of Taiwan's banks. We estimate and compare cost inefficiency with or without OBS outputs of 46 Taiwanese commercial banks during the period, 1998 through 2001. The conclusions of this empirical study are as follows. First, omitting off-balance sheet outputs in estimating the cost frontier function of banks results in an underestimation of bank efficiency by approximately 5 per cent. Second, large banks are associated with a higher cost efficiency and have an increased ability to develop OBS activities. This is consistent with Taiwan's regulatory policies, which focus on promoting efficiency in the banking industry of emerging markets. Banks with higher employee productivity are also more cost efficient. Finally, we observe evidence of economies of scale in both models with or without OBS specification in Taiwan's bank industry. Economies of scope between loans and OBS outputs are also observed.     

中国银行业实施巴塞尔Ⅲ：进展与趋势

巴塞尔Ⅲ以资本要求、监管检查、市场约束为三大支柱,主要侧重第一支柱的改革,在重视资本监管的同时,将流动性风险提升到信用风险同等重要的高度;在第二支柱和第三支柱上也有所调整,引入了宏观审慎监管,将其与微观监管手段相结合。中国银行监管当局明确了宏观审慎与微观审慎兼顾、资本监管和流动性监管并重、资本数量和质量同步提高的改革方向,并提出同步推进实施巴塞尔Ⅱ和巴塞尔Ⅲ。2008年金融危机之后,中国宏观经济基本面复苏强劲,为中国银行业顺利推行巴塞尔Ⅲ创造了良好的外部环境,中国银行业在危机中的损失较小、其自身各项经济指标相对稳健也为推行巴塞尔Ⅲ创立了有利的先决条件,但是当前监管工具和银行自身存在的诸多问题仍会影响巴塞尔Ⅲ实施的进程和效果。     

商业银行在海外开展中间业务的前景

商业银行在国内开拓中间业务的同时还应在海外开拓中间业务。作者在对中外商业银行中间业务开展的现状进行比较的基础上 ,分析了我国商业银行在海外开拓中间业务的必要性和可能性 ,并提出了策略和建议     

Role of off-balance sheet operations on bank scale economies: Evidence from China's banking sector

This paper investigates product-specific scale economies of banks with respect to off-balance sheet operations. The cost benefits from the non-separability of outputs available to banks that imply the role of OBS activities on bank scale economies are also examined. We further test whether the role of OBS operations on bank scale economies changes across heterogeneous banks. Results suggest that banks can realize more scale economies by increasing OBS operations and that scale economies can be reaped particularly for non-state-owned banks. Therefore, diversification and deregulation should be included in the policy agenda for the subsequent marketization reform of China's banking sector.     

Market structure,risk taking,and the efficiency of Chinese commercial banks

We investigate the impacts of market structure and bank risk taking on the efficiency of Chinese commercial banks, employing a two-stage semi-parametric data envelopment analysis model. Our empirical results show that the intense market competition compels Chinese commercial banks to develop advanced technical experience and skills, thus improving their technical efficiency. Besides, the technical efficiency is positive associated with the risk taking. Since more risk taking implies a credit expansion of Chinese commercial banks based on the soft risk constraint, the improvement of technical efficiency may accompany an accumulation of banking risks in the current financial system of China.     

Banking sector reforms and corporate leverage in emerging markets

Using a large panel of non-financial firms in emerging markets, we study the relation between detailed measures of banking sector reforms and corporate leverage. We find that banking sector reforms are associated with lower corporate debt in emerging market firms, consistent with the notion that these reforms improve banks' risk management and result in tighter lending standards, leading firms to use less bank debt in their capital structure. These effects are less pronounced for financially constrained firms, suggesting a relative increase in the supply of bank credit to firms which were rationed prior to the banking sector reforms.     

Capital adequacy and asset securitization: an assessment of the world's central banks

National banking systems around the world are subject to disruption through the failure of a single institution. To lessen this risk, regulations governing bank definition, capital adequacy, overdraft operations, and asset securitization are needed. This article reports on these four issues and concludes that (1) the definition of a bank varies widely between nations; (2) some central banks do not require that sufficient capital be maintained to attenuate the effect of internal or external shocks; (3) overdraft operations, where allowed, often result in a high degree of system risk; and (4) off-balance sheet financing operations may not be as risky as first was reported.     

衍生工具风险的识别、评估与应对

衍生工具在为企业提供风险管理和收入机会的同时,本身也蕴含着巨大的风险.为了有效地管理衍生工具相关的风险,必须要采用科学的方法及时地识别和度量衍生工具的各类风险,并选择适当的风险应对策略,从而使风险敞口处于企业的风险偏好或容忍度之内.     

我国商业银行中间业务发展策略

近几年来,我国商业银行面,临的内外环境的变化,使得发展中间业务更具迫切性。我国四大国有商业银行中间业务虽然有了一定的发展,但同发达国家相比,仍有着明显的差距。针对我国商业银行中间业务存在的问题,依据当前我国所具备的条件,发展我国商业银行中间业务需在转变观念、破除制度瓶颈、提高服务水平、加强创新等方面加大力度。     

Islamic financing and bank risks: The case of Malaysia

We examine whether Islamic financing can explain three important bank risks in a country with a dual banking system: credit risk, interest‐rate risk, and liquidity risk. Using Malaysian data, we find that commercial banks with Islamic financing have significantly lower credit and liquidity risks but significantly higher interest‐rate risk than banks without Islamic financing. There is also evidence that bank size is significantly related to credit risk; the proportion of loan sales to total liabilities and bank size are significant determinants of interest‐rate risk; and off‐balance‐sheet financing, the extent of securitization, loan volatility, bank capital, and bank size are statistically significantly related to liquidity risk. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

资产证券化的必要性及可行性

随着我国商业银行资产负债期限结构错配导致流动性风险隐患的日益增强,以及银行监管所要求的资本量增加,使得作为风险转移方式之一的信贷资产证券化应运而生。本文通过分析我国资本充足率不足、银行业所处的环境以及我国资本市场投融资体制的现状,说明了我国实行资产证券化势在必行。同时由于资产证券化有广阔的需求前景,大量的国外成熟、成功的经验以及我国成功的资产证券化的实践决定我国实行资产证券化具有可行性。     

信贷周期理论研究综述

信贷周期是银行在内生和外生的机制或条件下行为集合所形成的一种信贷紧缩和信贷扩张的交替往复的现象。国外学术界对于信贷周期理论的探讨,可以分为三个角度：一是基于信息经济学理论,从信贷市场的不完全性和信息不对称角度阐述了经济波动的信贷观点;二是从银行信贷行为的角度,认为银行的行为具有内在的顺周期性,从而加剧了经济的波动;三是从银行业风险管理和监管的角度考察。     

Microenterprises and multiple bank relationships: The case of professionals

The present paper focuses on professionals as a special group of microenterprises. It explains their characteristics and financial relationships, using data from a survey conducted in Germany in 2002. Consistent with the theory of asymmetric information and relationship lending, we find that these firms maintain a small number of bank relationships, which increases in firm size and age. They tend to choose multiple banking relationships to overcome credit rationing and finance larger loans. Credit risk and the structure of the banking market do not seem to matter.     

或有表外投资项目的分类和计量——以美国SEC的研究为借鉴

在2001—2002年期间,大量的重大会计丑闻曝光,这些问题暴露了公司治理、审计实务和财务报告中的薄弱环节。其中,两个主要问题是表外项目的范围(包括特殊目的实体的使用)和股票发行者的财务报告是否透明地反映了表外项目的经济实质。本文主要对或有表外投资项目的分类和计量进行分析,并提供了美国上市公司投资于其他实体的经验研究发现,通过分析这些问题可以对今后的衍生金融工具的会计处理提供借鉴作用。     

基于收入模型的商业银行操作风险量化研究

巴塞尔新协议将操作风险与市场风险、信用风险列为商业银行的三大风险,加强对我国商业银行操作风险的管理,要选取或者制定符合我国银行业的风险量化模型。通过对商业银行操作风险以及常用的度量方法进行分析,运用收入模型对我国两家商业银行的操作风险进行了量化,提出了加强我国商业银行操作风险管理的对策和建议。     

Policy and practice in the Netherlands

Abstract: As in many other areas of public policy in the Netherlands, development of consumer protection in banking and financial services has been characterized by a consensual approach. Consumer organizations have been involved along with representative business bodies in building self-regulatory systems within a statutory framework, especially in relation to issues related to overindebtedness. This approach has characterized dispute settlement procedures as well as a code of conduct on good lending practice and a national credit registration system. The Consumer Credit Act provides a system of maximum interest rates for different kinds of credit, which may be varied according to market conditions. The needs of consumers at the lower end of the credit market are specifically catered for by a network of municipal credit banks, which also provide debt settlement services.     

美国放松银行业地域管制与中小企业贷款

美国放松银行业地域管制后出现大规模的银行并购,但银行业的并购和跨区域扩张并没有使美国银行业市场过度集中和对中小企业贷款造成明显冲击。中国银行业可以从中得到有益启示:放开中小银行跨区域限制的同时必须保证足够数量的中小银行业机构,使银行市场保持适度的竞争;中小银行应更多立足本地,积极发挥对中小企业关系型贷款优势;大型银行发展中小企业贷款必须进行贷款技术创新,以降低对中小企业交易型贷款成本。     

银行市场结构国外研究述评

作为货币政策"信用观"之一的银行信贷渠道理论强调银行信贷资金的可贷性.国外学者对金融结构与货币政策传导机制的研究(如银行信贷渠道的存在性、地位及银行部门的角色等问题)存在很大差异.虽然这些研究多以西方国家完善的银行体系和资本市场体系为背景,但对于中国这样转型国家的货币政策制定实施也具有重要启示意义.     

Bank branching deregulation and the credit risk of the regional banking sector: Evidence from city commercial banks in China

From 2006 to 2011, with the change in regulatory policies, most regions of China relaxed restrictions on the intercity branching of city commercial banks, which led to a significant increase in the number of nonlocal branches of city commercial banks. We assess the impact of this bank branching deregulation on the credit risk of the regional banking sector across 286 prefecture-level cities in China. We find that deregulation has increased the credit risk of the regional banking sector in host cities by intensifying competition and encouraging risk-taking behaviors such as “lowering lending criteria” and “attracting deposits with higher interest”. Moreover, this effect becomes more pronounced in regions with a higher initial level of the loan-to-deposit ratio and regions with a higher initial level of competition in the banking sector.     

Banks,Financial Liberalisation and Financial Crises in Emerging Markets

The East Asian financial crisis has raised a series of important issues. Amongst them is the question of the role of the banking sector and financial liberalisation in contributing to financial crises. How do weaknesses in the domestic banking sector, when combined with both domestic and international financial liberalisation, engender currency crises? What is lacking in the literature is a simple conceptual framework within which these connections can be conceptualised and drawn out and in which the role of banks is explicitly discussed. This paper seeks to provide just such a framework. Within it, international financial liberalisation can be seen as fuelling a boom in domestic credit, which leads to acute balance sheet problems for domestic banks, and exposes the country concerned to a currency crisis in the event of a sudden reversal of capital inflows, which banking weaknesses may itself trigger.