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1.
Conclusion When a technology proprietor cannot exploit his advantage by means of ownership of a production facility abroad, a sales contract
with “buy-back provisions” may, in fact, be a trade-enhancing resolution to a situation of information-asymmetry between buyer
and seller. The important implication is that not all forms of countertrade can be summarily dismissed as inefficient. Just
as foreign direct investment can be seen to be a response to environmental or market imperfections, “buy-back” may be a way
to deal with institutional or regulatory obstacles such as the prohibition of foreign ownership. 相似文献
2.
Alan M. Rugman 《Review of World Economics》1985,121(3):570-575
Conclusions Part IV of Parry's article discusses three types of FDI activity by MNEs; these are correctly analyzed and fully consistent
with my earlier work. All the three cases (vertical integration, transfer pricing and quality control) are examples of market
imperfections which lead to internalization. I am glad that Parry accepts these“three areas where internalization appears
to provide an explanation of FDI as a specific form of international involvement by the MNE” but I am surprized that he still
cannot accept the general point that these are examples of“market failure” in an international context, which lead to multinational
hierarchical activity. The focus of my survey article was to demonstrate that“established theories of FDI” tend to fasten
one to one or another of such market imperfections, but in all cases internalization results. Internalization as a general
theory of FDI is still a robust principle. It provides the conceptual foundation for analysis of the MNE and the field of
international business. 相似文献
3.
This paper considers the particular issues associated with expert assessment in the process of forecasting and decision making
in the innovation sector. The authors introduce the concept of a “forum,” which they understand as a specific institution
designed to gain competent expert knowledge while discussing and making publicly relevant managerial decisions. The forum’s
tasks are discussed in the context of the space activities in Russia. The authors also formulate the main requirements for
the organization of the forum and expert discussion in the process of prognostication and decision making. 相似文献
4.
The article discusses the organization of the US system of scientific and research institutions. Current and historical aspects
of the formation of “think tanks” as a phenomenon of scientific and sociopolitical life are considered, as well as the classification
of think tanks and their role in scientific research and in providing independent expert opinion during the development of
public policy. 相似文献
5.
Erik N. Dohlman 《Review of World Economics》2001,137(4):666-689
A New Look at the Impact of U.S. Import Barriers on Corporate Profit Expectations. — The notion that industries benefit from
protection is firmly grounded in trade theory. However, previous “event studies” measuring the impact of trade restrictions
on stock prices reveal that shareholders expect no improvement in industry profits from protection. The implication is that
barriers designed to promote industry adjustment are considered ineffective by equity holders. This investigation of U.S.
“Escape Clause” cases shows that shareholders do expect protection to enhance profits, but not universally. Outcomes are linked
to the type of trade measure selected, with industries protected by tariffs or global quotas faring better than those shielded
by nonglobal “Orderly Marketing Agreements.” 相似文献
6.
Conclusion In this paper I have tried to show that OCA theory fails to advance the case for independent fiat currencies. It does so both
because of its empirical irrelevance, and because of its internal inconsistencies. Therefore, from the perspective of international
monetary economics, there is no theoretical justification for the present monetary organization. Rather other factors, more
related to political interests than to sound economics, should be held responsible for it. It is perhaps interesting to consider
the mainstream economists’ systematic reaction when they discover there is no scientific justification for a fluctuating fiat
currency system. They simply throw away the whole analysis and return to “common sense” propositions. Some of them even go
so far as to recognize the merits of a world currency, eventually pegged to gold, but then dishonestly dismiss the case on
the basis of “beliefs,” or popular wisdom.
All remaining errors are my own. 相似文献
7.
Gerard M. Koot 《Atlantic Economic Journal》1982,10(1):3-17
Conclusion The LSE in its early years did not produce a “school of economics” in the sense that Marshall's Cambridge constituted a “school.”
English historical economics was too diffuse, too lacking in strong leadership, too untheoretical, and too committed to economic
history as a discipline to create such a “school.” The special contribution of the LSE in the pre-war period was certainly
not in theory, since one of the chief reasons for it being an alternative to Marshall's school of orthodoxy was that it paid
relatively little attention to economic theory during this period. Rather, its alternative economics was its central conception
that the economist'sraison d'etre was to solve pressing contemporary problems for which orthodox theory seemed to offer little guidance. Thus its teachers
and curriculum, assembled by Hewins and the Webbs, emphasized applied subjects and economic history. 相似文献
8.
Ross Louis 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2011,38(4):349-362
This essay documents an embodied model for doing scholarship in and about post-Katrina New Orleans. It suggests lived experience
as human capital that provides a public good for rebuilding communities. Specifically, a research-based performance (“Performance
and New Orleans: Citizenship, Identity and Housing”) serves as a case study for situating scholarship between theory and practice
as a “political poetics.” The essay draws on performance theory and the values of public scholarship to negotiate the challenges
of authenticity and motive that confront scholars working in New Orleans. The essay also argues for performance as a means
of reaffirming human value and exposing the complexity that surrounds the problems of African American citizenship, identity,
and housing in New Orleans 5 years after the storm. 相似文献
9.
Tijmen R. Daniëls 《De Economist》2009,157(4):417-439
A main challenge of understanding currency crises is explaining their puzzling timing. Most “second generation” currency crisis
models are static models with multiple equilibria, and exogenous shifts between equilibria are interpreted as shifts of sentiments
on financial markets leading to crises. This article develops a dynamic, continuous time model with a payoff structure similar
to second generation models. We derive endogenous conditions under which shifts in sentiment occur over time, characterise
them in terms the strategic risk associated with speculation, and provide comparative statics. Moreover, we show that the
findings correspond almost exactly to the implications of global game currency crisis models, which are often used for equilibrium
selection in the static context. 相似文献
10.
Annemarie Bos 《De Economist》2006,154(4):581-586
11.
Entrepreneurship and corporate governance 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Peter G. Klein 《Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics》1999,2(2):19-42
Conclusions The main message of this article is that Austrians can continue to work within the contractual, or Coasian, approach to the
firm in elaborating the insights discussed above. In particular, the problem of corporate governance, and the corollary view
that firms are investments, belongs at the forefront of Austrian research on the theory of the firm. Emphasis should thus
be placed on the plans and actions of the capitalist-entrepreneur.
A particularly undeveloped area concerns the provision of capital to small, “entrepreneurial” ventures. Most of the literature
on governance focuses on the large corporation, and the use of stock and bond markets to govern these organizations. Equally
important, however, are smaller, privately held firms, financed with venture capital or other forms of investment. So far,
the firm-as-investment literature has said little about these organizations, despite their growing importance, particularly
in high-growth, technologically-advanced industries like software and biotechnology. Further research in this area is sorely
needed.
Earlier versions of this article were presented at George Mason University’s “Seminars in Austrian Economics IV: Inside the
Black Box,” October 1997; the Austrian Scholars Conference 4, Auburn University, April 1998; and Copenhagen Business School’s
RESPECT workshop, November 1998. 相似文献
12.
Manfred Wiebelt Rainer Schweickert Clemens Breisinger Marcus Böhme 《Review of World Economics》2011,147(4):745-770
This paper investigates the effects of oil-financed public investment on economic growth and poverty reduction using a dynamic
multi-sectoral general equilibrium model featuring inter-temporal productivity spillovers. The paper shows that the relationship
between resource-rent flows and real exchange rates, output growth, and poverty is less straightforward than simple models
of the “resource curse” suggest. Taking Ghana as a stylized agriculture-based economy with poverty most pronounced in a region
with home based agricultural production, a policy mix of smoothing the real exchange rate shock and an allocation of infrastructure
spending in rural areas seems to be the most promising public investment strategy to enhance growth and reduce poverty. 相似文献
13.
Vernon J. Dixon 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1977,7(2):119-156
Conclusion This paper has shown two things. First, it has indicated some of the philosophical ways in which a “pure” African-oriented
world view differs in kind from the “pure” Euro-American-oriented one. Second, it has set forth some of their respective differences
in research methodology, primarily focusing on the area of economics. However, neither of these world views and, therefore,
their research methodologies have absolute validity. Each can claim validity only under its respective limiting conditions.
In the words of Kuhn, “truth may, like proof, be a term with only intra-theoretic applications.” In effect, no interworld
view comparison can or should be made in terms of absolute correspondence to reality. However, overseas Africans in America
do embody both world views in varying degrees. Researchers on black people, therefore, must be familiar with both methodologies
in order to analyze completely the behavior of Afro-Americans. 相似文献
14.
This article provides evidence on the extent of de-agrarianization, the nature of rural employment, and rural-urban differences
in employment in Zaire. The composition of employment by industry is examined using data from Zaire’s 1984 Census. Increased
schooling was associated with a greater propensity to be involved in nonagricultural employment. Since 1990, Zaire’s chronic
economic crisis has become acute and is intertwined with the political crisis resulting from President Mobutu’s resistance
to popular calls for democratization. In these circumstances, de-agrarianization is effectively put on hold. Nonagricultural
employment opportunities have diminished considerably, and an increasing proportion of the country’s population is being pushed
back to subsistence agriculture.
An earlier version of this article was presented at the African Studies Centre-International Labour Organization workshop
on “De-agrarianization and Rural Employment,” May 10–12, 1994, Leiden, The Netherlands. 相似文献
15.
William D. Craighead 《Open Economies Review》2012,23(2):319-336
The consequences of intersectoral factor immobility for optimal monetary policy are examined in a “New Open Economy Macroeconomics”
framework. When labor cannot be reallocated between tradable and nontradable goods production, this rigidity generates a welfare
loss, which increases as the sectors become more different. When prices are predetermined, the model becomes a monetary “specific
factor” model. Intersectoral factor immobility complicates the optimal monetary policy problem by creating a tradeoff between
stabilizing tradable and nontradable sector labor. When labor is mobile between sectors, policy coordination can significantly
reduce labor volatility. When it is not mobile, coordination results in less volatility in tradable sector labor, but increased
nontradable sector labor volatility. 相似文献
16.
Conclusions The difficulties of second best, as propounded by Lipsey and Lancaster and reasserted by Allingham and Archibald, derive from
the allegation that associated with second best optima are necessary conditions that require the violation of necessary first
best conditions and which cannot be satisfied by known market forms or decentralized management rules. Specifically, it is
alleged that for second best no “solutions” analogous to perfect competition and marginal cost pricing exist. In this paper
it has been demonstrated that second best difficulties are not quite as universal as Allingham and Archibald suppose. We have
seen that featherbedding contracts give rise to genuine second best situations but that the associated problems are easily
solved. If a production unit grants a featherbedding contract but otherwise acts as a price taking profit maximizer, in terms
of Paretian criteria (assuming no difficulties at the second order level) no policy action is called for unless society is
willing to outlaw the featherbedding contract. Otherwise, the appropriate management rule is simply “behave as a price taking
profit maximizer” where this behavior is clearly specified in (28) above and analogous to marginal cost pricing in the first
best case. 相似文献
17.
Riccardo Fiorentini 《Review of World Economics》1991,127(2):343-355
Conclusions In the paper, the EAPPP theory was discussed and three different tests with increasingly statistic power were proposed and
implemented. The results are mixed, since the theory passed the randomness and orthogonality tests, but not the direct regression
test. The impression is that EAPPP seems to hold in a weak sense, since the evidence confirms random movements of real exchange
rates and an efficient use of information by agents but not the constraints on (14) postulated by EAPPP. In general, the results
of the present study are in accordance with those of Cumby and Obstfeld [1984], Mishkin [1984], MacDonald [1985] and Gaab
et al. [1986] who found only weak support to the EAPPP theory. Furthermore, in the case of the dollar-lira exchange rate,
our findings are different from those of Tronzano [1987] according to which “although PPP holds very badly in its traditional
(absolute or relative formulation), ex ante PPP (both in “weak” and in “strong” version) [is] highly supported by data”. In
fact, in our case both the second orthogonality test and the regression test are unfavourable to the EAPPP. 相似文献
18.
This paper explores the relationship between the closure of “antidumping jumping” manufacturing plants and the repeal of antidumping
measures. Of 67 identified Japanese “antidumping jumping” production lines in the EU in 1990 only 31 remained in operation
in 1999. Analysis of the probability of divestment for 209 Japanese plants in the broadly defined electronics industry shows
that Japanese plants of manufacturing products for which antidumping duties had been repealed are significantly and substantially
more likely to be divested. The results suggest that the potential positive effects of antidumping duties on host economies
by inducing inward investment are in many cases short-lived and easily overestimated. JEL no. F23, F13, L11 相似文献
19.
Richard F. America 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1990,19(2):43-47
This article outlines a development strategy for the next 30 years, with income targets. It calls for a new type of “civil
rights” leadership that has a managerial, problem solving attitude. It offers a set of objectives that emphasize internal
discipline. 相似文献
20.
Diana Costea 《Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics》2003,6(3):47-62
Conclusion Built on Rothbardian insights, our attempt to show the peculiarities of Misesian monopoly theory results in a few conclusions.
First of all, in Mises’s theory of monopoly two of the three conditions for the emergence of monopoly prices belong to different
realms of scientific inquiry. On the one hand, Mises points out the idea of a counterfactual comparison between competitive
price and monopoly price; on the other hand, he stresses the importance of an empirical method to discover monopoly prices.
The latter, even if it describes a true statement about market conditions, i.e., the entrepreneurs do not know (beforehand)
the market demand curve, does not help us to identify the monopoly price on market.
Second, Mises erroneously founds his welfare arguments on value theory. His utilitarian endeavor to show that “consumers’
sovereignty” is infringed by monopolistic restriction of production does not succeed. He based his arguments on nonscientific
interpersonal and intertemporal comparisons of utility.
Third, Mises is not consistent in the use of a standard of comparison for “monopoly prices”: on the one hand, the market prices
are not distinguishable from “monopoly prices”; on the other hand, the transfer of the discussion to the equilibrium framework
does not help us either, as we try to explain real market phenomena.
Thus, Mises’s attempts to incorporate the neoclassical concept of monopoly price into the framework of the market process,
as depicted by Austrians, do not succeed.
Our inquiry supports the largely shared opinion among Austrian economists that monopoly price (at least in its present definition)
does not exist on the free market; it appears only, and is logically identifiable, as a result of a privilege given by the
State. 相似文献