论企业业绩评价中的非财务指标及其量化

财务指标在企业业绩评价中存在诸多缺陷，可以将非财务指标纳入企业业绩评价体系以弥补财务指标的不足。对具体企业而言，非财务指标的选取关系到业绩评价科学性与合理性，而非财务指标的量化是业绩评价中的关键问题，系统工程中经常使用的层次分析法是进行非财务指标量化的有效方法。     

如何评价企业业绩

一、企业业绩评价概述自１９世纪以来，出现了许多企业业绩评价的思路和方法。纵观其发展过程，总的思路是由单一指标向综合指标发展，由财务指标向财务指标与非财务指标相结合的方向发展，尤其是平衡计分卡、经济增加值（EVA）的出现，极大地拓宽了评价理论的空间，具有划时代的意义。业绩评价之所以出现这样的变化，原因在于世界经济已由工业经济时代转向知识经济时代。在工业经济时代市场是以卖方市场为主，对企业而言，财务指标能较综合、全面、系统地反映企业的经营业绩和竞争状况，符合管理者决策和管理要求。自２０世纪７０年代后…     

刍议平衡计分卡在企业业绩评价中的应用——基于中外运敦豪航空快递公司的案例

与传统的仅仅采用财务指标体系进行企业业绩评价的方法不同,平衡计分卡是适应企业内外部环境变化而诞生的、通过建立一整套财务与非财务指标体系来对企业业绩和竞争状况进行综合评价的新的业绩评价模式。本文基于中外运教豪航空快递公司的案例来探讨平衡计分卡在企业业绩评价的应用,并分析平衡计分卡的应用贡献。     

刍议平衡计分卡在企业业绩评价中的应用——基于中外运敦豪航空快递公司的案例

与传统的仅仅采用财务指标体系进行企业业绩评价的方法不同,平衡计分卡是适应企业内外部环境变化而诞生的、通过建立一整套财务与非财务指标体系来对企业业绩和竞争状况进行综合评价的新的业绩评价模式.本文基于中外运敦豪航空快递公司的案例来探讨平衡计分卡在企业业绩评价的应用,并分析平衡计分卡的应用贡献.     

平衡计分卡在企业管理中的应用

在企业管理中,企业的业绩评价及价值管理是一个重要的环节,业绩评价不仅应当关注各种财务指标,也应当关注各种财务指标,选择适合本企业的业绩评价方法,能帮助企业有效地分析企业一定时期的业绩,使企业决定是采取改进的措施以更有效地执行战略,还是应当进行战略性调整。     

企业绩效评价主体与方法的演进

围绕着企业业绩评价的指标和方法、目标导向的演变、财务指标与非财务指标的优劣、业绩评价指标体系的优化等诸多问题,理论研究者和实务工作者进行了大量有益的探索和实践。综合研究企业绩效评价理论的演进,很有现实意义。本文认为,企业绩效评价理论的演进是随着评价主体和客体及评价基础会计信息的发展而演化的。     

企业业绩评价体系与企业的性质

财务指标与非财务指标的有机融合是企业业绩评价体系发展的趋势。本文通过对企业业绩评价体系发展的追溯和企业性质认识的深入，揭示了业绩评价体系发展趋势的必然性，并指出这一趋势对我国企业的重大意义。     

选择企业业绩评价指标体系的思考

目前我国对企业业绩评价的依据主要将业绩评价指标分为基本指标、修正指标及评价指标三大类 ,其中绝大部分为财务评价指标。在市场经济条件下 ,企业面临的竞争激烈 ,经营风险增大的背景下 ,如果仍局限于财务指标的计量与评价上 ,而不包括非财务指标评价 ,那就不能全面反映出企业的实力 ,显然不适应形势的需要 ,针对业绩财务指标评价系统上的缺陷 ,有必要对现行的业绩评价系统进行了重大改革 ,在企业业绩评价系统中引入非财务指标 ,本文拟对此做些探讨。一、财务指标的评价系统适用范围具有局限性1、财务指标评价系统过分重视取得和维护短期…     

试论企业的财务管理目标

企业财务管理目标是指企业进行财务管理活动所期望达到的目的,它是企业管理活动努力的方向,是评价企业财务管理活动是否合理的标准,即财务管理目标是企业财务管理活动的出发点和归宿。财务管理目标决定了企业建立什么样的财务管理组织、遵循什么样的财务管理原则、运用什么样的财务管理方法、建立什么样的财务指标体系。不同的财务管理目标将产生不同的财务管理运行机制,因此,正确确定企业财务管理目标,既是财务管理理论中的一个基本问题,又具有十分重要的现实意义。     

平衡计分卡在企业经营业绩评价中的应属

平衡计分卡是一个财务指标与非财务指标相结合的评价企业经营业绩的新体系，它包括财务、客户、内部经营过程和学习与成长相互联系等四个方面。该方法的应用使传统的企业业绩评价方法受到了严峻挑战，被西方财务界誉为企业业绩评价中的一场重大革命。在我国，加强平衡计分卡理论和实践的研究十分必要。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for Reality Mining

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.