Strategic R&D policy in a quality-differentiated industry with three exporting countries

We examine strategic research and development (R&D) policy for quality-differentiated products in a third-market trade model. We extend the previous work by adding a third exporting country, so that the market structure is international triopoly. We show that the presence of the third exporting country affects strategic R&D policies. With three exporting countries, the lowest-quality exporting country gains from taxing domestic R&D and the middle-quality exporting country gains from subsidizing domestic R&D under both Bertrand and Cournot competition. As in the duopoly case, however, the optimal unilateral policy for the highest-quality exporting country depends on the mode of competition. Various cases of policy coordination by exporting countries are also examined.     

新疆与中亚石油合作发展问题探析

中国对进口石油的依赖随着经济的发展日渐加深,石油来源单一和运输线路单一的问题成为中国石油安全的主要威胁,实现油源和油路的多元化成为迫切的任务。新疆周边的中亚地区石油十分丰富,从中亚国家获得石油资源对于我国扩展石油进口渠道、规避风险、保障能源安全具有十分重要的作用。本文通过分析,认为新疆可作为中国和中亚石油资源领域最直接的合作地区、最重要的能源战略安全通道、中国和中亚的石油化工基地和中国石油战略西进的前沿和核心。     

Indonesia's Transition to a Net Oil Importing Country: Critical Issues in the Downstream Oil Sector

Given its limited oil reserves and increasing petroleum product consumption, Indonesia will become a net oil importer in the near future, facing increasing petroleum product imports while continuing to export still available but diminishing crude oil This paper examines the implications of that prospect for Indonesia's terms of trade, assessing the future supply and demand balance in the domestic market The assessment includes a petroleum price forecast vis-à-vis the international market, in which Indonesia imports more valuable products while exporting less valuable crude oils To meet this challenge, the key policy issue in the downstream oil sector is the need to bring private participation into the refining and retailing business, by means of a freer market pricing policy and private access to the domestic market.     

Invoerrechten en het actieve veredelingsverkeer in de E.E.G.

Summary An exporting manufacturer may incorporate in his product imported raw materials or semi-finished products that are subject to an import duty. It will depend on the regulations of his country whether he automatically gets his import duty refunded or has ro apply for a licence to that end. In the latter case the granting of such a licence will depend on the kind of product, and on the economic and political conditions in his country. The author of this article attempts to show:(1) that in the majority of cases an import duty on a product which is going to be reexported, is detrimental to the economy of the country itself, both a short and at long term; and(2) that both methods of refund may work in a community administered by a single, objective and efficient government.If no central government exists, as for example, in the case of the European Common Market, each country will retain jurisducton over refund of import duties at export to countries outside the E.C.M.-area, unless — which is preferable — refund on exports to countries outside the common market is made automatic by common consent.     

Uniform versus Discriminatory Tariffs: When Will Export Taxes Be Used?

This paper examines the noncooperative interactions between two exporting countries and one importing country when all of them are seeking the optimal policies to improve their welfare. Whereas the importing country has the incentive to impose tariffs on the goods coming from the two exporting countries, the export policies chosen by the exporting countries depend on the tariff regime, whether uniform or discriminatory tariffs are used. It is argued that export taxes are chosen by both exporting countries in some cases, and that whereas the importing country prefers a uniform tariff regime, the exporting countries find a discriminatory tariff regime preferable.     

The asymmetric effects of oil price changes on China’s exports: New evidence from a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model

China’s dependence on oil imports has greatly increased in recent years. Due to the rapid expansion of global trade, exporting plays an important role in the Chinese economy. This paper uses monthly data from January 2005 to April 2021 to examine the short- and long-term effects of oil price increases and decreases on China’s exports. Our empirical analyses are based on the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, which can effectively capture asymmetric relations. The empirical results provide significant evidence of asymmetry, such that oil price increases have significantly larger effects than oil price decreases in the long term. Interestingly, we find that energy-intensive exports and some specific sectors (e.g., crude fertilizers, petroleum products, and organic chemicals) benefit from oil price increases. We also observe recent declines in the coal and coke sector following positive oil price shocks due to restrictions on coal consumption.     

United states and french competition in the world market

Conclusion The purpose of the study has been to examine whether the direction of international trade is governed by the doctrine of comparative cost. It is concluded that this doctrine does explain a significant percentage of the flow of trade between the two countries studied. There are additional factors, however, as listed in the introduction which also influence trade between nations.The inability to include non-labor costs such as material costs and selling costs in explaining the variations in the exports of France and the U.S., results from the paucity of data available in these areas in the national statistics of France. However, since the establishment of the O.E.C.D., additional data concerning industries have been made available in growing volume. Moreover, the O.E.C.D. has endeavored to harmonize the ways in which data from the European countries and the U.S. are collected. As comparable data become available, further research will be necessary to measure the importance of non-labor costs to total costs and their influence on export performance.A large section of the article has been adapted from the author's 1969 doctoral dissertation at the New School for Social Research.     

Influence of oil prices on stock market indexes in Russia and Norway

The effects of oil price dynamics on share quotations are discussed in the paper for the 2000–2012 period for two oil exporting countries—Russia and Norway. It has been shown, using a vector autoregressive model, that, in spite of intuitive expectations, oil prices have not been a systematic risk factor for Russian and Norwegian stock market indices. In Norway, share quotations definitely responded to the dynamics of the US dollar exchange rate relative to the world’s main currencies and the S&P 500 stock index, as well as to fluctuations in the global and domestic interest rates, although to a lesser degree. In Russia, share quotations are practically exclusively affected by their own shocks (a factor that is explained by some specific features characterizing Russia’s major public companies).     

The Determinants and Motivations of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment: A Spatial Gravity Model Approach

Abstract

The study attempts to investigate the features and determinants of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) into 138 countries and Chinese firms' investment strategies over the 2003–2009 period using an augmented gravity model with spatial linkages. The respective evaluations of China's OFDI are indicative of the important role played by non-financial OFDI. At the same time, Chinese firms prefer to invest in high-tech industries in developed countries while also focusing on the extraction of natural resources around the world. The empirical findings show that the host country's economic size has a significantly positive effect in terms of promoting Chinese OFDI. Chinese firms favour a complex-vertical platform in the developed countries while they prefer a market potential foreign direct investment (FDI) surrounding the host developing countries and an export-platform FDI in the petroleum exporting countries based on the surrounding market potential effect and spatial effect. The fuel extraction motive plays a key role in China's OFDI in line with the realities of Chinese FDI strategies in recent years.     

金融危机背景下中国澳大利亚汇率波动的贸易传递效应

本文利用中国和澳大利亚两国贸易的月度数据,分析了在美国金融危机冲击下澳元和人民币汇率变化对中国和澳大利亚出口厂商定价行为的影响。研究发现,厂商的价格歧视及歧视程度随产品的不同各异。由于中国某些产品和澳洲当地产品具有较强的可替代性,"出口价格粘性"现象在中国向澳大利亚出口定价中有所体现;另一方面,由于澳大利亚的资源禀赋优势,某些产品拥有国际定价权,"出口价格粘性"现象在澳大利亚对中国的出口产品中没有得以体现。     

世界主要木质林产品主要进出口国家贸易地位演变分析

基于FAO历年《林产品年鉴》数据资料,分析了1990年以来世界主要木质林产品主要进出口国家贸易地位演变。工业用原木、锯材出口国家仍然主要集中在森林资源丰富国家,进口国家由发达国家逐步转变为森林资源相对匮乏、经济体量较大的国家。人造板、木浆出口呈现由发达国家向发展中国家转移的趋势,主要进口国仍然是发达国家。回收纸主要出口国仍然全部都是发达国家,主要进口国由发达国家逐渐演变为发展中国家。纸和纸板主要出口国、进口国全部都是发达国家,但份额大幅降低。     

Determinants of shrimp importation into the USA: an application of an augmented gravity model

Shrimp farmers in the USA are facing the situation of increased imports resulting in reduced market share, falling prices, and reduced profitability for their farm-raised shrimp. The study examined the determinants of shrimp imports from China, Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia using an augmented gravity model of international trade. The results reveal that US imports from the four exporting countries are significantly affected by the GDP of exporting countries, GDP of the USA, exchange rate, unit import value (proxy for import price) of shrimp, and tariff. Tariff policy has implications for the US shrimp industry.     

The dynamics of European industrial structure

Has the European integration process lead to increased specialization and what drives changes in countries’ specialization? To address these questions we apply a model that incorporates endowments, technology and increasing returns to scale. Analysis reveals that countries with high capital accumulation have become increasingly specialized in capital-intensive industries; this holds for both human and physical capital. No general tendency towards increased specialization is found with the exception of capital-intensive industries. Analysis indicates scale economies in R&;D at the firm level and that R&;D at the firm level drives productivity and competitiveness. JEL no. C29, F12, O33, O52     

Firms’ exporting and importing activities: is there a two-way relationship?

The literature on firm heterogeneity and trade has highlighted that most trading firms tend to engage in both importing and exporting activities. This paper provides some evidence that helps understanding to what extent this is the result of a two-way relationship. Using firm-level data for a group of 27 Eastern European and Central Asian countries from the World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) over the period 2002–2008, we estimate a bivariate probit model of exporting and importing. After controlling for size (and other firm-level characteristics) we find that firms’ exporting activity does not increase the probability of importing, while the latter has a positive effect on foreign sales. This effect is mainly channeled through an increase in firm productivity and product innovation.     

经济周期波动与跨国公司投资区域分布

不同国家组群的FDI流入量与世界GDP增长率波动之间的相互关系反映了跨国公司对不同类别国家在不同经济景气阶段的投资态度。文章认为,跨国公司对发达国家具有较强的投资意愿,并且跨国公司对发达国家直接投资的意愿随经济波动状况的变化而变化。跨国公司对发展中国家、欠发达国家甚至高收入的石油国家的投资表现出明显的短期倾向和周期性,这是这些国家市场的有限性、经济对外依赖性和政府对经济的可控性差等因素对跨国公司综合影响的结果。     

Income-Related Biases in International Trade: What Do Trademark Registration Data Tell Us?

Rich countries trade more among themselves than with poor economies due to a closer match of exporter supply structures and importer preferences. In the literature, the closeness of supply and demand has traditionally been determined by the quality of products—as expressed in the Linder hypothesis. This paper examines an extension of the hypothesis by considering the extent of brand differentiation as another determinant of the closeness of supply and demand. The analysis employs information on international trademark registrations to test whether richer countries import more from countries exporting products of higher quality and greater brand differentiation. The hypothesis is confirmed in most consumer goods sectors. JEL no. F 10, O 34     

我国大宗木材初级产品进口数量与价格变迁及其政策含义——以原木、木浆进口为例

进入新世纪以来,我国的原木、木浆等大宗木材初级产品进口数量和金额迅速增长,进口依存度提高;受国际市场供求关系、进口品种、进口渠道、汇率、国际油价变化等影响,进口价格上涨;木材初级产品进口贸易日益受到货源国政策因素变动的影响。应将实行木材产品的进口替代战略,稳步提高国内供给能力,作为保障我国木材初级产品供给安全的长期战略。     

Trade restrictions and international companies

Abstract

The development of international trade is making it increasingly necessary to have complete information about legislation relating to practices which restrain competition or which are liable to create positions of market dominance. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (O.E.C.D.) is studying the problems arising from restrictive business practices, and has made a Guide available for businessmen, government officials, lawyers and research workers which will enable them to keep abreast of European and North American laws governing restrictive business practices and their application. The first edition of the Guide was published in 1960. Since 1962 the second edition, which gives an outline of the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices law in a series of countries, has been running on a continuing basis, with regular supplements.     

浙江外贸行业应对绿色壁垒的对策研究

绿色壁垒自产生以来,对发展中国家影响巨大,我国尤为严重。而作为我国出口大省的浙江,外贸行业近年来更是损失巨大,研究相应对策具有现实意义。本文从分析浙江外贸行业的整体特征入手,探寻了其遭受绿色壁垒的内、外因素,从政府、行业协会和企业三个层面提出了应对绿色壁垒的具体策略。     

中俄油气合作:基础·权重·策略

俄罗斯油气资源潜力巨大,开采前景乐观。中俄油气合作的基础是供需互补潜力,不过,国际油气行情持续升温使两国合作的条件发生变化,合作目标和利益取向分歧扩大,合作出现阶段性徘徊。通过对中俄油气合作状况的分析可以大致确定至2020年前两国合作可能达到的规模和权重,这可以作为把握两国中期(至2020年)合作前景的重要尺度。从发展过程看,两国油气合作在经历"酝酿"和"启动"两个阶段后已经进入第三阶段,反映两国阶段性合作规模和权重比从零起步逐渐扩展到的实际进程。两国在现阶段的油气合作更具务实性,对此,中国应该积极借助新的有利条件推动合作的发展,争取双赢结果,确保自身能源安全。