美国企业并购简析及对我国企业并购的政策建议

1.美国企业并购的主要特点迄今为止 ,美国历史上曾发生过五次企业兼并浪潮 ,第一次发生在 1 9世纪末和 2 0世纪初(1 895～ 1 90 4年 ) ;第二次发生在 2 0世纪 2 0年代 (1 91 5～ 1 930年 ) ;第三次发生在 2 0世纪 6 0年代 (1 96 0～ 1 970年 ) ;2 0世纪 70年代中期至 90年代初 (1 975～ 1 992年 )为第四次。这四次兼并浪潮都出现在经济周期的复兴阶段 ,其主要目的是进行产业结构调整。美国的第五次企业并购潮始于 2 0世纪 90年代中期。(1 )时代特色。美国前四次企业兼并浪潮均发生在由萧条转向复苏时期 ,通过企业间的兼并加快产业结构调整 ;…     

信息技术革命与生产率悖论

信息技术革命无疑是人类经济史上一次意义深远的技术进步,但是统计上的观察表明,自20世纪六七十年代美国爆发信息技术革命以来,经济不仅没有得到更快的增长,而且与此前的年份相比,劳动生产率、全要素生产增长水平反而呈现出一种下降的趋势。理论上,一般把这种现象称作为“生产率悖论”。本文试图对这一悖论的几种解释进行考察和评析,以期为国内相关研究提供一个理论基础。     

制造业企业信息化和计算机使用的生产率效应

在工业化和信息化趋于深化融合的时代，关注工业企业信息化和计算机使用效率的问题具有积极意义。本文利用中国工业企业数据库提供的大样本制造业企业数据，研究了信息化和计算机使用对企业生产率的影响。为了控制企业的异质性、模型的内生性和样本自选择问题，本文逐步采用了横截面数据模型、平衡面板数据差分模型和Heckman选择模型，得出中国的制造业企业不存在“计算机生产率悖论”，信息化和计算机使用能够显著推动企业生产率的提高。诱导资本投资信息技术，激励企业利用信息化技术提升竞争力，将成为提高劳动生产率和促进经济持续增长的一个重要驱动力。     

IT投资影响企业生产率的条件——理论基础分析

本文以权变理论、生产理论、补充理论为理论基础,说明IT投资影响企业生产率的条件,从而为"生产率悖论",以及相关学者对IT贡献的研究结论不一致提供一个解释.     

出口行为如何影响企业环境绩效

本文首次采用中国制造业企业层面的能源消耗和产出微观数据,利用细分能源类型的二氧化碳排放因子换算得到微观企业环境绩效指标,即单位产出的二氧化碳排放量(二氧化碳排放强度),并试图以企业劳动生产率为桥梁,结合中国出口企业“生产率悖论现象”,研究中国企业出口行为对其环境绩效的影响机制。本文基于企业生产函数框架构建计量模型,实证结果表明:①出口造成中国企业二氧化碳排放强度显著增大,同时,排放强度随着企业出口密度的提高不断增长,出口并没有显著提升企业环境绩效,考虑不同生产函数形式后结论均较为稳健。②传统的“污染避难所问题”并不是造成中国出口企业二氧化碳排放强度更高的主要原因。③中国出口企业生产效率更低,进而导致更高的碳排放强度。④出口企业的低效率和低加成率(低利润率)进一步拖累了企业技术升级和环保投资,这是出口造成企业更为污染的重要原因。本文的研究弥补了贸易与中国微观企业层面环境绩效关系研究的缺口,从微观层面给予污染治理与减排策略以政策参考,证实了在国际贸易进程中不仅应制定宏观目标,还应直接着眼于微观企业,特别是促使出口企业提高自身的生产率,从而推动经济与环境的全面可持续发展。     

我国不同所有制工业企业全要素生产率比较研究——基于Malmquist指数的实证分析

使用Malmquist指数法对我国1997~2007年期间7种所有制工业企业全要素生产率进行了估算和拆分,结果发现,我国工业企业全要素生产率增长的主要源泉是来自于技术进步;外商投资工业企业的全要素生产率虽然曾经一直领先于内资企业,但是却处于不断下降的过程,很多地区内资企业生产率都已超过了外商和港澳台投资企业;目前内资企业中,私营企业和股份制企业的全要素生产率增长较快。     

北京卫星制造厂

北京卫星制造厂作为我国航天器研制的重要单位,承担着卫星和飞船等航天器的制造任务,早已洞悉数字化对企业发展的重要性,大力发展信息化逐渐成为企业几届领导的共识。从20世纪80年代中期开始应用数控机床,80年代末开始应用计算机技术,90年代初引进大型CAD／CAM软件,90年代中实现了与总体设计部的连网,90年代末期实现了企业的全面连网;进入21世纪,     

国有企业的“效率悖论”及其深层次的解释

国有企业作为后赶超时代的技术公共品的提供者、过渡时期国家控制制度变迁进程的工具和社会福利的提供者、转型时期宏观经济的稳定者和公共品的提供者及克服系统市场失灵和政府失灵的协调器,其效率状况必定呈出“从微观财务角度来看是非效率的,但从全要素生产率（TFP）来看是有效率的;从微观竞争和经济比重的变化来看是非效率的,但从宏观经济影响来看是有效率的;从生存竞争指标来看是非效率的,但从宏观社会经济资源配置来看却是有效率”的“悖论”状况。     

产品创新对生产率的效应分析——以知识型企业为例

在复杂多变的环境下,知识型企业的产品创新影响企业生产率的提高,因此两者之间的效应分析是重要的研究课题。结论证实产品创新与生产率之间呈现出U型非线性关系,其中产品创新主要分为探索式创新和开发式创新两种形式。研究表明,在一个产品创新周期的初始阶段,创新活动以探索式为主,由于新知识领域中的组织学习成本等问题,生产率会下降,探索式创新与生产率之间表现为负效应关系;随着企业效益的增加和新知识的巩固,创新活动以开发式为主,在吸收能力的作用下,开发式创新行为会促进生产率的进一步发展,二者表现为正效应关系。     

信息技术与上海全要素生产率关系研究

总结回顾了信息技术与生产率相关的研究,估算上海市资本存量并应用参数估计方法估算上海的劳动力和资产产出弹性,用劳动者报酬进行核实;根据估算的劳动力和资产产出弹性,使用增长核算方法计算出上海全要素生产率;在此基础,建立线性回归模型,分析信息技术与上海全要素生产率的关系,对结果进行分析并提出政策建议。     

Oligopolistic competition,IT use for product differentiation and the productivity paradox

Empirical studies suggest that the huge investment in information technologies (IT) of the past two decades has led to no significant increase in productivity; this phenomenon is known as the ‘productivity paradox’. It has been argued that the paradox might result from oligopolistic competition: because of strategic interaction, each individual firm might find it profitable to invest in cost-reducing IT, but total investment might then be excessive from the industry’s point of view. I confirm this view and strengthen it by allowing IT investment to be also devoted to product differentiation which makes the productivity paradox more likely. The emergence of Web-based electronic commerce provides an illustration of the forces identified in the model.     

Analyzing the relationships between information technology, inputs substitution and national characteristics based on CES stochastic frontier production models

This research examines four interrelated issues at the country level: the value of information technology (IT), inputs substitution and complement, the complementarity phenomenon created by IT and national characteristics, and the productivity paradox, jointly and critically from a global perspective, using the so-called productive efficiency as the performance measure. To that end, we develop the three-factor constant elasticity of substitution (CES) stochastic production frontier model and apply it to a set of panel data from 15 countries over the period 1993–2003, along with the traditional two-factor CES models, within the one- and two-equation frameworks. In the two-equation setting, six national characteristics are selected as the contributing factors of the productive efficiency. The findings include: (i) the value of IT as measured by the productive efficiency is duly recognized: (ii) the productivity paradox is found to be absent from the production process in a majority of developed and developing countries considered, rejecting the existing argument that the paradox exists only in developing economies but does not exist in developed countries; however, the developed countries have used IT capital in their production systems more productively efficiently than the developing nations; (iii) traditional capital (non-IT capital), traditional labor, and IT capital are not pairwise substitutable, contrary to the notion that they are pairwise substitutable at the firm level; (iv) constant returns to scale, as commonly assumed, are not supported by the data; (v) different national characteristics affect a country's output (represented by gross domestic product or GDP) and its productive efficiency differently; and (vi) the complementarity phenomenon is observed in most of the countries (developed and developing) under study.     

The impacts of country characteristics upon the value of information technology as measured by productive efficiency

Based on the theory of production, this paper investigates information technology (IT) contribution at a country level by linking it to the complementarity/substitutability phenomena created by the joint presence of IT and the five selected national characteristics. It negates the relationship between IT value and productivity based on a comprehensive panel data set from 25 countries over the period 1997-2006, when the individual analytical method is applied and productive efficiency is used as the performance criterion. The IT productivity paradox is re-examined under the one-equation stochastic frontier production model, while the influence of the five national characteristics is tested under the two-equation stochastic frontier production model. The findings include the following: (i) The IT productivity paradox occurs in not only middle-income (developing) countries but also high-income (developed) countries. (ii) Eastern European countries gain more productive efficiency than the G7 countries when IT is considered as a production factor. (iii) Different national characteristics have impacts on a country's output and productive efficiency. (iv) The chosen national characteristics present both complementarity and substitutability phenomena in association with IT investment, however, the joint presence of national savings and IT creates the substitutability phenomenon across different frontiers. (v) In linking cross-country differences in the IT investments to stages of economic development, our complimentary qualitative analysis tends to conclude that the investments in IT in the advanced developed countries (e.g., G7) and some of the newly developed or emerging economies are likely needed to keep the pace with other competitors and maintain their status of economic development; and the IT investments in the Eastern European countries are necessary to reach the competitive level as well as to raise their economic-development level. (vi) An important policy implication is that policy makers must carefully utilize national characteristics while formulating IT investment strategies.     

Corporate Governance and returns on information technology investment: evidence from an emerging market

Prior studies have reported mixed findings on the impact of corporate information technology (IT) investment on firm performance. This study investigates the effect of corporate governance, an important management control mechanism, on the relation between IT investment and firm performance in the Taiwanese electronics industry. Specifically, we explore board independence and foreign ownership, which have increasingly become salient factors concerning corporate governance in emerging markets. We address their roles across firms of different sizes and in industries where degrees of competitiveness run a wide gamut. Our results show a positive moderating effect of board independence on the IT investment‐firm performance relation, especially when competition intensifies. Furthermore, we find that the greater the foreign ownership in small firms, the more positive the IT investment‐firm performance relation, suggesting that foreign investors may bring IT expertise to help small firms reap the benefits of using IT. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IT competency and firm performance: is organizational learning a missing link?

Many companies have developed strategies that include investing heavily in information technology (IT) in order to enhance their performance. Yet, this investment pays off for some companies but not others. This study proposes that organization learning plays a significant role in determining the outcomes of IT. Drawing from resource theory and IT literature, the authors develop the concept of IT competency. Using structural equations modeling with data collected from managers in 271 manufacturing firms, they show that organizational learning plays a significant role in mediating the effects of IT competency on firm performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of information technology on supply chain capabilities and firm performance: A resource-based view

Organizations increasingly rely on information technology (IT) to improve the supply chain process. Yet, past evidence suggests that the investment in IT per se does not guarantee enhanced organizational performance. Drawing from the resource-based view, this study proposes that IT-enabled supply chain capabilities are firm-specific, and hard-to-copy across organizations. These capabilities can serve as a catalyst in transforming IT-related resources into higher value for a firm. Based on data collected from surveying supply chain and logistics managers in various industries, the present study sheds light on these issues. The findings provide a new perspective in evaluating IT investment in the supply chain process.     

Information technology and its changing roles to economic growth and productivity in Australia

In this paper we describe our investigation of the role of investment in information technology (IT) on economic output and productivity in Australia over a period of about four decades. The framework used in this paper is the aggregate production function, where IT capital is considered as a separate input of production along with non-IT capital and labour. The empirical results from the study indicate the evidence of robust technical progress in the Australian economy in the 1990s. IT capital had a significant impact on output, labour productivity and technical progress in the 1990s. In recent years, however, the contribution of IT capital on output and labour productivity has slowed down. Regaining the IT capital productivity therefore remains as a key challenge for Australia, especially in the context of greater IT investment in the future.