有机农业示范园区管理体制与运行机制研究——以江西万载县为例

[目的]有机农业在全球范围内迅速增长,具有良好的发展前景。进行现代农业示范园区建设,对于促进农业现代化转型具有重要意义。[方法]以万载县现代有机农业示范园区建设为案例,基于实地调研和文献材料,对万载县有机农业示范园区的管理体制和运行机制进行分析。[结果]江西省万载县利用生态资源优势,建设了以有机农业为特色的现代有机农业示范区,并逐步探索形成了有机农业示范园区的管理体制和运行机制,以此构建起了有机农业产业体系。[结论]该示范园区的管理体制与运行机制由管理考核体系、进行有机生产时的生产监控体系和产品追溯体系以及特色农业科技示范基地农业推广体系等部分构成,以产品质量监控为核心,园区建设与有机生产高度结合,政府与市场在园区建设中的角色因发展阶段而变化。在总结前述园区建设经验的同时,文章还提出了相应政策启示。     

Environmental efficiency and the impact of regulation in dryland organic vine production

Organic agriculture figures prominently in the policies adopted by the EU to improve the environmental impact of agriculture. It may also potentially provide other benefits such as high-quality, health-enhancing food products and advancements in rural development. Recent years have brought new research to assess the environmental and economic implications of organic conversion. Economic efficiency comparisons between organic and conventional farms have been extended to include environmental performance. The inclusion of this variable in efficiency analysis may be useful when assessing the potential impact of suggestions to improve environmental regulations and policies. This paper applies the environmental efficiency model to the analysis of different technologies and calculates productivity and efficiency with and without environmental impacts. In the empirical part of the paper Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and bootstrap techniques are applied to detect and measure differences between organic and conventional agriculture aggregate efficiency and productivity in a sample of vineyard farms operating in semiarid, non-irrigated conditions in Navarre (Spain), taking farms’ nitrogen surplus and pesticide toxicity indicators to consideration. The results for these particular agronomic conditions suggest that organic agriculture is more environmentally efficient than conventional agriculture in dryland farming, in that it achieves a more favorable production to environmental impact ratio. Nevertheless, conversion to organic production methods for extensive vine cultivation under arid conditions does not guarantee substantial environmental gains, since the organic farms in our sample do not display inferior levels of pollution emissions per unit input as extensive conventional production. The overall environmental efficiency of organic farming is largely attributable to the fact that organic farms come closer to the frontier of their own technology. We find no significant technological differences in environmental productivity, however. In terms of policy implications, these findings suggest that the tightening of specific environmental restrictions in organic standards should involve consideration of technological differences in environmental productivity between organic and other alternative technologies. If organic technology is less productive, more restrictive regulation could undermine the economic viability of farms, and thus undermine the other benefits of organic farming. The results also indicate that, at the local level, it could be convenient to address part of organic subsidies to further improvements in the control of pollution from fertilizers and pesticides.     

中国有机农业企业基地的空间依赖性与影响因素分析——以四川省为例

目的 提升国内有机农业空间布局规模化、集聚化程度，辨明有机农业企业及其生产组织主体的分布规律与影响因素，有利于促进我国有机农业、企业及生产组织主体空间与结构的进一步优化与调控。方法 文章采用ArcGIS、相关性分析法和SPSS数据处理，通过中国农产品认证信息系统构建有机农业数据库，分别使用定量与定性方法，分析全国有机认证企业的基地分布格局与特征，并深入剖析四川省有机农业认证企业基地的空间演化规律及其影响因素。结果 （1）2012—2021年中国以及四川省有机认证企业基地数量存在非均衡性空间分布，且四川省内地区差异性日趋显著；（2）四川省有机农业企业基地的空间分布不具有显著集聚特征，重心由中部向东部偏移，分布区域呈由中心向四周扩散的趋势。（3）分析显示：种植基底条件、环境质量、经济发展水平、农业生产比重、交通运输能力、城市发展水平、产业补贴力度和政策指引强度8类综合影响因子对四川省有机农业企业基地的空间分布均具有正向影响，其中城市经济水平和交通运输能力等因子的相关性较为显著。结论 社会、经济、政策和自然4种因素对我国有机农业企业基地分布的影响程度依次递减，经济发展水平、交通运输能力和城镇化水平的影响力最为显著。未来中国和四川省有机农业企业基地的空间优化发展应重点培育优势地区企业和基地的外部环境与要素条件，以形成有机农业企业认证基地的优势规模空间与良好的区域乘数效应；依据有机农业认证企业基地分布重心的变化，可提供相应的空间政策、经济和社会等方面服务与条件支持，促进现有基地中心地区与空间集聚区的强化与提升。     

Organic farming and international exchange: participant perceptions of North–South transferability

Institutions of higher education and work–study abroad programmes have been instrumental in internationalizing sustainable agriculture education. Informal educational opportunities in the form of internships and apprenticeships have become relatively common features of the organic agriculture landscape in the USA. This research examines an international agricultural exchange programme that effectively combines these two emerging fields of study exploring how exchange participants perceive the transferability of their organic farming experience in the USA, to their home countries in Peru and Ecuador. Learning experiences and host farms vary considerably, with some participants being more optimistic than others about how well organic farming practices on their respective farms could be adopted to their home country contexts. While the cross-border/transnational nature of the exchange programme examined is not unique, the inverse flow of people in the exchange (from South to North) examined in this study allows for a new perspective on the value of agricultural exchanges and the perceived transferability of organic farming ideas and practices. Ultimately, this study suggests that the most valuable elements of international agricultural exchange reside not with the diffusion of agricultural innovations, but with how cross-cultural experiential learning promotes critical reflection on place-appropriate production.     

Eliciting citizen preferences for multifunctional agriculture in the watershed areas of northern Thailand through choice experiment and latent class models

Multifunctional agriculture is increasingly discussed as an alternative to conventional, mono-functional farming and its negative environmental impacts. This study aims at determining Thai society’s demand for agri-environmental services offered by a multifunctional agricultural system using two models, i.e. a Choice Experiment Model and a Latent Class Choice Model. The Choice Experiment Model (CEM) is employed to assess citizens’ willingness to pay for various attributes of multifunctional outputs. Extending from the CEM, the heterogeneity of citizens’ preferences across environmental attitudes and knowledge is captured through the Latent Class Choice Model (LCCM). Survey data was obtained from structured interviews with 373 respondents in the country’s two largest cities, namely Bangkok and Chiang Mai. The results of the CEM suggest that urban Thai citizens are willing to pay for changes toward multifunctional agriculture, as expressed in an increase of their monthly food expenses. Among the attributes of agri-environmental practices, “organic agriculture in combination with agro-biodiversity conservation” garnered the highest preference, followed by “organic farming as single practice” and “Good Agricultural Practice combined with agro-biodiversity conservation”. Income, gender, agri-environmental knowledge and environment-conscious attitude are important factors determining urban citizens’ support of multifunctionality. Findings of the LCCM revealed a strong heterogeneity in attribute valuation across three different classes of respondents, suggesting that policy-makers need to be aware of diverse preference patterns among Thai citizens with regard to specific attributes of multifunctional agriculture. We further conclude that enhancing environmental literacy and consciousness is a key determinant in gaining citizens’ support for multifunctional agriculture.     

韩国农业在世界农业史上的意义与展望

数年前，由于大众趋于照搬西方农业的发展模式，忽视了传统和环境方面的因素，韩国的农业因而陷入了困境。随着2004年稻米市场的开放，这个国家的农业危机将更加严重。韩国农业拥有长达七千多年的历史，它不仅影响了这个国家的经济发展和社会变迁，而且也影响着人民的物质生活和文化生活。韩国传统农业为人们提供了食物、健康和与环境友好相处的生活方式。农业的全球化虽然意义重大，但是各地区的自然条件和发展阶段的差异性不容忽视，韩国传统的与环境友好相处的农业发展道路理应得到充分的尊重、保留和延续；否则，人民的健康和国家的繁荣将受到威胁。     

The contribution of organic farming to rural development: An exploration of the socio-economic linkages of organic and non-organic farms in England

Organic farming has experienced considerable growth in recent years. Proponents of organic farming point to the environmental and nutritional benefits of organic systems, although these are contested by some. More recently, it has been argued that organic farming can provide rural development benefits through enhanced employment and through closer connections with the local economy, reconnecting consumers with producers and stimulating positive economic multipliers. Against the background of claims made for the rural development potential of organic farming, this paper considers the generation and retention of income, purchasing patterns, and direct employment impacts of a large sample of organic and non-organic farmers in England. The paper reveals some important distinctions between the characteristics of organic and non-organic farms and farmers. It is argued that most of these differences do not stem directly from differences in farming systems but, rather, reflect considerable differences in the people who operate organic farms as well as the distinctive business configurations they frequently adopt.     

Going green in Thailand: Upgrading in global organic value chains

Under what conditions are some small-scale agricultural producers able to overcome challenges associated with shifting to organic production, whereas most are not? The answers are vital for the global effort to encourage more sustainable, pro-poor forms of agriculture—more organic farming, more sustainable production; more smallholders engaged in green production, more income and better livelihoods. Yet, answering this question is challenging in part because previous analyses of global production networks, such as those associated with organic agriculture, focus more on broad governance patterns than the specific factors and actors that help smallholders shift to organic production and link to far-flung markets. To fill in these gaps, we conducted fieldwork in Isan, Thailand, a major rice-producing area in which many groups of smallholders have attempted to shift into organic production. Doing so allows us to identify the critical challenges associated with upgrading into organic production and analyse how specific actors enabled some groups to overcome these challenges. Our findings provide a generalizable theoretical approach to understanding how to link small-scale farmers to global value chains in ways that can potentially enhance smallholders' livelihoods, spark rural development and encourage more sustainable practices in agriculture.     

Beyond the agroecological and sustainable agricultural intensification debate: Is blended sustainability the way forward?

With the sustainable development goals has come a renewed global interest in ending hunger and achieving food security, while preventing natural resource degradation. Despite this renewed interest and increased commitments to invest in agricultural development, there is an outstanding debate over the technological trajectories to sustainability. The debate centres on sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) and agroecological intensification (AEI) pathways to agricultural sustainability. Using a systematic literature review approach, this study examines the debate over AEI and SAI. This study employs a theoretical framework based on the economic, social, and ecological dimensions of sustainable agriculture within a policy and institutional space. Based on the sustainability dimensions, a discourse analytical technique is applied to unravel the debate. The results reveal differences in actor composition in the SAI and AEI pathways. Both pathways aim to promote food security with optimal and sustainable use of inputs; however, the actors differ on discourse relating to the concept of farming, the role of genetic engineering, the scale of operation, land use and soil health. Resolving these differences requires a blended sustainability approach that moves beyond the current AEI and SAI debate by acknowledging the tradeoffs and synergies of the socio-economic and ecological dimensions.     

Green Agriculture: foundations for biodiverse,resilient and productive agricultural systems

There are many visions on how to achieve a sustainable agriculture that provides enough food and ecosystem services for present and future generations in an era of climate change, increasing costs of energy, social unrest, financial instability and increasing environmental degradation. New agricultural systems that are able to confront the challenges of a rapidly changing world require a minimum of ten attributes that constitute the defining elements of a Green Agriculture. A major challenge is to identify a set of thresholds that any agricultural production strategy must meet, beyond which unsustainable trends caused by the farming technologies would lead to tipping-point phenomena. Only those styles of agriculture that meet the established threshold criteria while advancing rural communities towards food, energy and technological sovereignty would be considered viable forms of Green Agriculture. Considering the diversity of ecological, socio-economic, historical and political contexts in which agricultural systems have developed and are evolving in, it is only wise to define a set of flexible and locally adaptable principles and boundaries of sustainability and resiliency for the agroecosystems of the immediate future.     

我国休闲农业产业化发展研究:述评与启示 

休闲农业为农业的发展注入了活力,成为农业转型升级、实现农业现代化的重要途径。休闲农业的巨大潜力就在于其多功能性,通过对农业生产活动、农村田园风光、农家生活、农耕文化的资源整合、科学规划及创新开发,能够满足城市居民观光娱乐、休闲度假、农事体验、学习教育、康体怡情等多重需求。休闲农业的未来之路将走向何处、如何走的问题自然而然地成为国内文献研究的一个热点,但研究水平参差不齐。一方面,目前对休闲农业的概念、产业属性、发展原则等具有决定性作用的基础性问题的认知上仍存有诸多分歧;另一方面,有些学者却已高瞻远瞩发现了休闲农业的未来趋势将走向产业化发展道路,并对休闲农业产业化发展的路径与组织方式进行了探讨。文章在总结反思国内文献研究成果的基础上,对休闲农业的概念、产业属性、发展原则及产业集群式的产业化发展路径与多元化的组织形式进行了述评,并得出几点启示,以期促进相关学术研究的深化。     

A comparative multidimensional evaluation of conservation agriculture systems: A case study from a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy

To avoid the current paradoxes of the global agro-food system it is necessary to define and implement a viable agricultural sustainable model, combining satisfaction of food needs and land preservation. A possible solution can be found in a holistic production system consistent with a sustainable development model, designed to satisfy diverse “local” economies. The conservation agriculture (CA) could be a part of this model, as it includes a set of best practices available to preserve agrarian soil and its biodiversity. Briefly, we cover the CA background in Europe followed by the evaluation of its impact in terms of private/public interest, using the sustainability’s metric.To test the viability of a model based on CA in “local conditions”, we compare economic performance of different conservation practices (i.e. minimum and no tillage) to that of conventional agriculture in a typical Mediterranean environment – Collina Materana – in Southern Italy (Basilicata region). Our findings suggest that: i) CA can actually be a viable alternative to conventional systems; ii) in Mediterranean agricultural areas CA has yield advantages especially during dry years, when conservation techniques increase water supply to crops; iii) public support is needed to direct farming choices in fact without financial incentives these practices would be not widely accepted and diffused; iv) European policy makers have to recognized the positive benefits of CA and pay them as ecosystem services in the framework of Good Agricultural Environmental Conditions and the present CAP subsidies.     

Trade‐offs in the performance of alternative farming systems

Numerous alternative farming systems are proposed as solutions to the sustainability challenges of today's conventional farming systems. In this paper, we review the production, environmental, and socioeconomic performance of three widely discussed and promoted alternative farming systems—organic, smallholder, and urban agriculture. We show that both organic and smallholder agricultures have some benefits, but also entail important trade‐offs; organic has environmental benefits, and also livelihood, health, and nutritional benefits for producers and consumers, but is hampered by lower yields and higher prices. Smaller farms have higher yields and host higher biodiversity, but are hampered by lower incomes to farmers. Urban agriculture can take some pressure off rural landscapes, provide nutritional benefits to the urban poor, and engage urban dwellers in addressing food system challenges, but it simply cannot scale up to be a substantial solution in and of itself. We suggest that instead of focusing on alternative systems, we should identify pathways to sustainable farming for all systems, reforming conventional systems where they perform poorly, and transitioning to alternative systems in contexts where they perform best.     

The role of collaborations in the development and implementation of sustainable livestock concepts in The Netherlands

This paper discusses the role of collaborations in the development and implementation of sustainable livestock farming. The study reflects upon the experiences with two innovative pig farming concepts in the Netherlands that aim to address sustainability-related concerns regarding the economic viability, environmental impact and social responsibility of livestock production. The findings show that collaborations can result in smarter and innovative solutions and provide support in the development of more sustainable farming concepts. The study also shows that collaborations do not safeguard the implementing of these concepts in practice. Pioneers are confronted with higher production costs and the complex context of agricultural policies and regulations. These pioneering efforts are, however, the seeds for change, and the key ingredient for a transition towards more sustainable production. We rely upon their innovations, social networks and learning experiences in the transition towards more sustainable production. Therefore, pioneers need to be protected from market influences and regulatory barriers, and supported by intermediaries when developing novelties for a more sustainable agriculture. The findings emphasize the need for more knowledge exchange and understanding between farmers, policy-makers and researchers to navigate towards a more sustainable agriculture in the future.     

论华夏农耕文化发展过程及其重农思想的演替

华夏农耕文化的核心是耕战论和由此衍生的旧重农思想。此种重农思想可分为三个发展阶段：秦代的草创阶段、汉代的奠基阶段和共和国建国初期到20世纪末的盛极而衰阶段。2005年的一号文件透露新重农思想的萌芽。本文认为，要进一步形成新农业的政策体系并进一步以新的文化改造旧的耕战文化，还要克服两大难题，即重农思想的新构建和对传统单一谷物农业系统的彻底改造。     

African Agricultural Development: Lessons and Challenges

This paper reviews what has been learned from experiences of African agriculture and hence what policy lessons may be. Views of African agriculture over the last 130 years have changed from optimism to pessimism and at least halfway back again as the performance of the sector has fluctuated. Fortunately it seems the deep pessimism about agricultural prospects expressed in the 1980s and 1990s has receded. The performance of African agriculture since 1990 suggests that neither those who doubt that any significant advances are taking place, nor those who see advances in some remarkable but perhaps isolated cases of rapid transformation of farming and agricultural supply chains, have sufficient evidence – either from national data or small‐scale studies – to support their positions. Hence policy has to rely largely on general principles and historic lessons, rather than more clearly proven propositions. Policy debates over African agricultural development may sharply divide on some topics, but there is little debate over the importance of basic conditions for agricultural development of an enabling investment climate and the provision of rural public goods. Beyond these basics, the challenge is to remedy the failings of markets that deny most smallholders access to inputs, financial services and insurance. Here opinion divides between whether to return to public provision, as with fertiliser subsidies, or whether private and collective institutional innovations will be sufficient. Recent initiatives to test and scale up the latter look promising, but most have yet to be evaluated. If agricultural development is first and foremost about establishing the basic conditions for growth, then most countries in Africa may be better placed than they have been in the past. Given the many examples that show African smallholders investing and innovating when they have the chance, then there are reasons to hope that the modest growth of production and productivity seen in the last two decades may accelerate in the future – thereby allowing African countries to make the transition from agrarian to urban economies.     

常州市农业可持续发展现状及其对策

随着农地制度的改革、农业投入和技术创新活动的加强,常州农业现代化建设取得了较快发展,但农用地面积不断减少、农业投入不足、农业产业化发展缓慢及农业生态环境恶化等问题影响和制约了常州的农业可持续发展,针对性地提出了加强农用地和生态环境的保护、调整和优化农业产业结构、重点扶持龙头企业和增加科技投入等措施,以实现常州农业可持续发展。     

民国时期四川甘孜州农业发展述论(1912-1949)

民国时期,甘孜州农业垦殖得到发展,方式多样,耕作农业区和半农半牧区均有所扩展。有无水利设施的分界线基本与农牧分界线吻合。农业近代化在局部地点出现,总体仍停留在传统农业阶段,且农耕技术的地域差异较为显著。农作物单产较低,以青稞为主的生产格局没有发生根本变化,商品化程度有所提高。农业生产经历了较大波折,局部地区的过度垦伐产生了环境灾难。     

新常态下生态农业的发展前景与对策———以河南省为例

农业是我国国民经济的基础,农业可持续发展直接关系到作为国家战略核心的粮食与食品安全问题。在经济社会发展步入新常态形势下,河南省作为我国农业大省在产业发展与结构调整方面坚持以增量带动结构优化、以创新促进产业升级,增量调整与存量优化并举。文章从新常态下生态农业问题入手,分析了人口压力、农业人口素质、劳动力转移风险及科技水平等方面所面临的挑战;并结合河南省当前农业发展的整体态势与发展生态农业的前景,指出在经济发展放缓与农业改革转型压力增强情况下河南省应通过发展生态农业来进一步加快农业现代化步伐,将发展生态农业作为农业工作的重要指标来全盘考虑;提出培育资源节约与环境友好型农业、培育高素质的职业农民、培育贯穿农业生产全过程的社会化服务体系、推进产业融合及发展特色农产品等建议。