农业保险供求与适度保费补贴率的确定

本文基于一定的假设条件,运用经济学供求理论,采用投保率水平度量农业保险的政策目标,建立了农业保险适度保费补贴率决定模型,揭示了适度保费补贴率变动的一般规律。基本结论是:在一定的农业保险政策目标条件下,适度保费补贴率决定于农业保险的公平精算费率与无补贴情况下农户的需求状况;适度保费补贴率随农业保险发展阶段的不同而不同,即随农业保险供求状况的变动而变动,其一般规律是从低到高,再从高到低的实现过程,因而应适时调整保费补贴政策。     

农业保险的保费分解与政府财政补贴方式选择

农业保险风险的特殊性决定了农业保险的保费构成,农业保险的保费构成决定农业保险财政补贴方式选择.由于我国农业保险费率厘定没有完整考虑农业保险保费构成的所有要素,农业保险的实际费率远低于其精算费率,因此,我国农业保险财政补贴方式应由目前的单一保费补贴方式,转变为实行地区差异化和险种差异化保费补贴、分险种提供管理费用补贴和适度提供再保险补贴相结合的补贴方式.     

退耕还林政策选择对农户收入的影响——以我国京津风沙源治理工程为例

在我国加入WTO后,政府已经明确提出将农业保险及其补贴政策作为促进农业发展和稳定农民收入的替代性政策。然而,农业保险制度可能导致生态环境恶化。本文以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,运用联立方程组对现行农业保险制度与农户农用化学要素施用行为之间的关系进行实证分析。实证结果显示,化肥、农药、农膜的施用决策对农户购买农业保险决策的影响不尽相同;同时,农户农业保险购买决策对其化肥、农药、农膜的施用行为以不同的方式产生影响。此外,本研究也表明了在我国现行“低保费、低理赔”的农作物保险制度下,鼓励农户参保并不会给环境带来显著的负面影响。     

我国农业保险的道德风险及防范

农业保险在得到财政保费补贴开始发展迅猛。随着农业保险的发展从简单粗放的规模增长到产品创新的过度,道德风险对影响农业保险健康发展的影响日趋显露。通过对农业保险中道德风险的表现和成因的研究,得出一定防范方法,有助于农业保险未来的健康和可持续发展。     

发达国家的农业保险制度及对我国的借鉴

该文介绍了欧美发达国家先进的农业保险制度和发展经验,分析我国农业保险的现状及存在的问题,提出了建立健全我国农业保险制度,发展我国政策性农业保险的措施及对策的建议。     

政策性农业保险补贴最优模式探析—— 基于"千村调查"的研究

保费补贴政策是政策性农业保险制度的重要部分,不合理的补贴制度无法真正实现"低保费 、广覆盖,低保障 、保成本"的普惠目标.文章构建了农业保险收入消费模型,分析结果显示,在带门槛的固定补贴费率模式下,政策性农业保险保费支出随家庭收入的增加而先升后降;当商业保险的实际费率水平低于政策性农业保险时,政策性农业保险的消费总量明显下降,商业保险消费总量随家庭收入的增加而单调递增.基于2015年上海财经大学"千村调查"数据的分析证实,家庭收入与政策性农业保险存在倒U形关系,而与商业保险存在正相关关系.文章进一步提出超率累退保费补贴模式,并利用实际数据进行了设计.超率累退保费补贴模式能够有效提高政策性农业保险的覆盖率和整体保障水平.文章的研究对于完善政策性农业保险制度 、实现金融普惠目标具有重要的意义.     

农业风险冲击、农业保险保障与农村居民收入不平等

收入不平等关系农民福利、获得感与满足感，解决农民收入不平等问题尤为重要，那么农业保险是否能降低农民收入不平等问题？这是一个值得关注的话题。文章基于Kesten分布，建立农村家庭收入模型，引入风险乘子与保险乘子，通过数值模拟来研究灾害损失、农业保险保障、补贴以及农险市场结构对农村家庭收入的洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数的影响。研究发现，上述因素对基尼系数存在线性影响，农业灾害会提高收入不平等，农业保险补贴的提高和事前异质性的降低可以减轻收入不平等。另外，文章运用2011-2020年省级面板数据进行检验，单方程回归和联立方程回归证实了灾害损失会提高农村居民收入不平等，农业保险保障、农业保险补贴和事前同质性能降低收入不平等。同时，面板门槛回归发现了上述变量间的关系存在异质性，而面板分位数回归进一步发现事前收入越公平，保险越发达，越有利于降低收入不平等。文章结论可以有针对性地指导农业保险“扶贫攻坚”，改善分配工作，帮助农业保险更好地发挥保险保障和金融服务实体的功效。     

浅析存款保险制度在我国的建立

长期以来,我国始终没有建立存款保险制度,银行存款保险清偿责任由国家承担的隐性存款保险取代.这一做法既加重了财政负担,也不利于市场竞争.存款保险作为一种创新的保险制度能够在很大程度上保证整个金融行业和社会的稳定,针对我国国情,存款保险制度在我国的建立有其必然性.建立符合我国国情的存款保险制度,已成为深化金融改革、完善金融体制和制度的一项紧迫的战略性任务.     

对我国建立存款保险制度的思考

本文从存款保险制度基本理论开始,介绍了存款保险制度的存在依据,银行挤兑与存款保险的出现,存款保险制度的主要目标.最后提出了对中国建立存款保险制度的一些建议.     

2014年补充保险业务将快速增长

中共十八届三中全会发布的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》）对于中国经济社会的建设和发展产生重大影响,保险业作为社会经济运行过程中不可或缺的组成部分,涉及与保险相关的内容有20多处,例如“完善保险经济补偿机制,建立巨灾保险制度”;“完善农业保险制度”等多项规定和要求。保险作为市场经济不可或缺的制度安排和企业及个人转移不确定性风险的有效途径,在2014年将面临重大发展机遇和挑战。     

Competitive Insurance Markets with Two Unobservables

I study a screening game in a competitive insurance market in which insurance customers differ with respect to both accident probability and degree of risk aversion. It is shown that indifference curves of customers may cross twice; thus the single crossing property does not hold. When differences in risk aversion are sufficiently large, firms cannot use policy deductibles to screen high-risk customers. Types may be pooled in equilibrium or are separated by raising premiums above actuarially fair levels. This leads to excessive entry of firms in equilibrium.     

Birth,death and taxes

"This paper analyzes the effects of lump-sum tax policy in an overlapping generations model in which consumers have uncertain longevity. It extends previous analyses by considering the case in which private insurance arrangements are actuarially unfair. In addition, it considers the polar case of actuarially fair insurance and the polar case of no insurance. A general condition for debt neutrality is derived. This condition depends explicitly on the degree of actuarial unfairness in insurance and on the extent to which parents care about the utility of their children."     

Social security is NOT a substitute for annuity markets

Common wisdom suggests that a fully-funded actuarially fair social security system should increase welfare when households face longevity risk and annuity markets are missing. This wisdom is based on the observation that social security pays benefits as life annuities and therefore appears to complete the market. However, we argue that common wisdom is based on a benefit-only analysis that ignores a fundamental cost—social security crowds out the bequests that households leave (and receive) in general equilibrium. We conduct a general equilibrium cost-benefit analysis of the longevity insurance role of social security, and we show that under certain conditions this decline in bequest income offsets any possible gains from access to a public annuity pool. We abstract from distortions to national income and factor prices to show that the equilibrium bequest channel is all that is needed to reach this conclusion.     

Can a Mixed Health Care System be Desirable on Equity Grounds?*

Should health care provision be public, private, or both? We consider this question in a setting where people differ in their earnings capacity and face some illness risk. We assume that illness reduces an individual's time endowment when waiting for treatment. Treatment can be obtained in a competitive private sector (through private insurance) or in the National Health Service (NHS) where it is provided free of charge but after some (endogenous) waiting time. The equilibrium in the health care sector consists of a waiting time in the NHS such that no patient wants to switch health care provider. This equilibrium is governed by two public policies: the income tax system and the size of the NHS. We find that: (i) a mixed system with a small NHS is never desirable; (ii) actuarially fair sickness insurance is never desirable either; (iii) a mixed system with a sufficiently large NHS may improve on a pure public system if the dispersion of earnings capacities is large enough; and (iv) the welfare gains from such a mixed system are not likely to be significant.     

湘西州农业投入产出模型分析与探讨

利用柯布一道格拉斯生产函数,以1995-2006年数据为基础,对湘西州农业生产的实际情况进行量化分析,以粮食产量为产出因子,选择化肥投入、机械总动力和有效灌溉面积为投入因子,利用LINEST计量经济软件建立投入产出模型。通过多元线性回归模型分析发现,相对化肥投入和机械动力的影响而言,从1995-2006年湘西州粮食产量大幅增加的主导影响因素依然是耕地面积,说明今后湘西州农业生产应做好耕地资源的开源与节流工作,重视农业科技和农业机械化发展,调整施肥方法提高肥料利用率及优化旅游资源,发展现代乡村观光农业。     

农业保险理论研究述评及展望

农业保险问题一直是保险学和农业经济学领域关注的热点问题,国内外学者对此做了大量研究。国外文献研究了农业保险市场失灵、政府介入农业保险市场的原因和农业保险需求,国内文献主要研究了农业保险的政策属性、财政补贴、农业保险需求和供给。这表明农业保险研究仍局限于新古典经济学的研究范式,把农业保险组织视为黑箱。本文在梳理国内外文献的基础上提出了一个新的研究视角——组织视角,并构建了农业保险组织研究的理论框架。     

国外农业合作保险经验的解读与借鉴

农业保险是世界各国支持和稳定农业生产的三大政策性措施之一。目前,我国农业保险存在着供给和需求的双向短缺,迫切需要建立新的农业保险体系。本文介绍了国外农业合作保险的实践经验,分析了农业合作保险的特点和优势,在借鉴国外开展农业合作保险的经验的基础上,提出了发展我国农业合作保险的对策建议。     

Insurance,credit, and technology adoption: Field experimental evidencefrom Malawi

Does production risk suppress the demand for credit? We implemented a randomized field experiment to ask whether provision of insurance against a major source of production risk induces farmers to take out loans to adopt a new crop technology. The study sample was composed of roughly 800 maize and groundnut farmers in Malawi, where by far the dominant source of production risk is the level of rainfall. We randomly selected half of the farmers to be offered credit to purchase high-yielding hybrid maize and groundnut seeds for planting in the November 2006 crop season. The other half of farmers were offered a similar credit package, but were also required to purchase (at actuarially fair rates) a weather insurance policy that partially or fully forgave the loan in the event of poor rainfall. Surprisingly, take-up was lower by 13 percentage points among farmers offered insurance with the loan. Take-up was 33.0% for farmers who were offered the uninsured loan. There is suggestive evidence that reduced take-up of the insured loan was due to farmers already having implicit insurance from the limited liability clause in the loan contract: insured loan take-up was positively correlated with farmer education, income, and wealth, which may proxy for the individual's default costs. By contrast, take-up of the uninsured loan was uncorrelated with these farmer characteristics.     

农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响研究

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查问卷中的农户数据分析了农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响。通过计算农地流转前后的土地分配基尼系数,测度了农地流转影响土地使用权分配的结果,研究显示:农地流转促进了土地使用权的集中,但集中的速度并不快,各区域之间存在差异。在市场化农地流转中,土地较少而又贫穷的农民缺乏能力和优势转入土地,导致土地使用权集中。农地流转难以解决公平问题,农民获取土地仍然主要依靠村组集体的初次分配和二次调整。在符合农民认同、规则明确稳定的条件下,村组内部的土地调整能做到公平与效率相容。因此,村庄集体需要积极培育民主、发展农民自治组织;基层政府需要抑制自己调整土地的冲动,同时在一定程度上认同、支持和监督村组内部的土地调整。     

中国农业保险发展对策研究

农业是国民经济的基础产业,农业保险有利于促进农业稳定发展。中国农业保险的发展状况极不理想,农业保险保费规模占全国各种保险保费总量的比例远远低于农业产值在国民总产值中的比例。因此,我们应通过进一步制定和完善农业保险法律,鼓励多种形式的主体经营农业保险,扩大农业保险政策的知晓率,加强农业保险资料的积累和研究等一系列的措施来促进农业保险的发展。