Regulatory regimes in the electric power industry: Implications for capacity

We construct a model of the electric power industry which consists of two utilities faced with uncertain demand and a variety of regulatory regimes. Two technologies are considered, base-load and peaking, and the transfer of bulk electricity among utilities is permitted. The purpose of the paper is not to determine optimal regulatory regimes but to provide a framework for analyzing existing and contemplated regulatory initiatives. The conclusions are that long run survival mandates an authorized rate of return above the cost of capital and that excess investment will result. Furthermore, it is highly unlikely that current regulatory instruments such as Used and Useful, distribution of profits from bulk sales, and pricing of wholesale electricity can lead to a socially optimal capital stock.     

Research on low-carbon development of electric power industry: from the perspectives of public policy

It is a fundamental way to achieve sustainable development and inclusive growth that China takes the low-carbon development path.And low-carbon development is an effective way to respond to many threats,including global climate anomalies,environmental degradation,and energy shortage.Low-carbon economy is policy economy to a large extent.Although the external environment demands low-carbon development of electric power industry,enterprises lack intrinsic motivation.Electric power industry is the pillar industry of China,and is one of the key industries for China＇s low-carbon development.The government needs to ensure its dominant position in the low-carbon development of electric power industry,and reform the government performance management system and promote the planning and management of electric power industry through appropriate public policy,in order to adjust the structure of the electric power industry and take a low-carbon development road with Chinese characteristics.     

Entry,market turbulence and industry employment growth

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial dynamics in terms of firm entry, market turbulence and employment growth. Do entry of firms, the composition of industry dynamics (net entry) and market turbulence (entry and exit) influence industrial employment growth? This paper provides an empirical investigation, using unique data for 42 disaggregated Swedish industrial sectors during the period 1997–2001. It is hypothesised that the importance of entering firms, net entry and market turbulence may differ significantly across industries. A quantile regression method is used in order to detect industrial differences in the response to industrial employment growth. The empirical evidence shows that, on the one hand, firm entry and market turbulence have a positive effect on employment for fast growing industries and that the effect is larger for high growth industries. On the other hand, the composition of industry dynamics in terms of net entry rates has a more dispersed effect across all industries, even though the effect of net entry is larger for high growth industries.     

Entry (and exit) in a differentiated industry

The entry process in an industry embodying more or less close substitutes is considered. One examines whether the increase in the number of substitutes induces pure competition when prices are chosen noncooperatively. It is shown that these exists an upper bound on the number of firms which can compete in the market: when this upperbound is reached, any further entry entails the exit of an existing firm. In sprite of this fact, new entries imply the decrease of prices to the competitive ones.     

美国核电现状及发展趋势

美国是全球最大核电国.其核电机组数量、总装机容量、核电生产总量均为世界第一.通过介绍美国核电工业的现状,研究了美国政府核能研究开发活动对未来核技术走向的影响,分析了美国政府推行的有关利好政策、激励措施和改善监管等对核电发展和核安全的促进,研究结果表明:当前核对电发展面临着若干挑战和较突出的问题以及政策摇摆所造成的困惑,未来10年,美国核电工业可能不会有预期中的大规模发展.     

入世与保护民族工业

随着我国加入世贸组织的日益临近,民族工业的发展正面临着新的机遇和挑战。据有关部门 1997～ 1999年的统计资料分析,外国商品在我国市场的占有率已达到相当高的程度。传真机为 98.64％,通讯设施为 91.37％,计算机及软件为 83.49％,轿车为 79.82％,化妆品为 78.55％,保健品为 76.91％。结合我国民族工业的发展现状,借鉴世界其他国家在加入世贸组织后保护和发展民族工业的经验和教训,笔者认为,我国加入世贸组织后,保护和发展民族工业的措施至少应有以下几个方面： 　　1转变观念,实施对民族工业开放意识上的保护。其一,由过…     

关于我国“入世”后的困难与风险

中国加入世贸指日可待。中国“入世”是历史的必然,也是经济全球化趋势的要求,无论在国际上,还是在国内,都是重大事情,从而引起了国内外的强烈反应。“十五”期间,我国经济发展、结构调整、改革开放,都将受到“入世”的广泛和深刻的影响。关于加入世贸后给中国经济发展带来的可能机遇,我国理论界和实际工作部门均进行了广泛而深入的讨论,论证后得出的结论也广为人知,故不再赘述。鉴于国际变数难测,鉴于在“十五”期间我国经济面临的最大冲击和问题主要来自国际,这里我仅就中国加入世贸后可能遇到的困难和风险,谈一些看法。     

入世后我国经济的安全问题

一、我国入世后面临的主要经济安全问题１．金融安全。从总体上看，我国的金融业起步较晚，基础薄弱，在技术水平、运营模式、风险防范能力等方面与发达国家相比，具有明显的劣势。入世后，中国金融市场进一步开放，国外金融企业凭借其资金实力、管理机制、技术服务、工作效率等方面的优势对我国的金融企业构成较大威胁。目前国有银行的转轨工作尚未最后完成，离真正的商业银行尚有很大距离；银行内部的稳定性仍很脆弱，风险指数一直居高不下；不良贷款率较高，不良资产风险直接影响着银行的正常运营。我国金融基础设施落后，在金融系统电子…     

银行业直面入世挑战

加入世贸,中国银行业面临千载难逢的发展机遇。 　　1.有利于引进外资。一方面,按照规定外资银行在国内设立一个营业机构,至少要带进相当于 1亿元人民币的资金,获准经营人民币业务的外资银行,还需增资 3000万元。据统计,截止 1999年 9月外资银行在国内设立分行 155家,在华外资银行资产总额 313. 63亿美元,贷款总额 226. 54亿美元,负债总额 286. 82亿美元。另一方面,外资银行贷款总额中的 90％放在了中国境内企业,目前已有 170多个国家和地区的客商在华投资。外商投资企业达 20多万家。全球最大的 500家企业集团已有 200多家在华…     

民营企业准入国防科技工业的经济分析

国防科技工业在国民经济发展中具有关键性的地位,直接关系着国家战略和国家安全,属于政府高度管制的行业.当前,军民融合成为世界各国普遍采用的国防建设发展模式,而民营企业进入国防科技工业是实现军民融合的有效路径之一.民营企业进入国防工业领域面临着诸多壁垒,因此要通过制度创新来积极推进民营企业的进入,为民营企业参与国防工业生产提供有效的支持.     

入世与我国高技术产业发展

从产业角度来看,高技术产业是我国的弱项,按入世和全球信息产业开放的要求,它又是我国对外开放的重点领域,这就是个矛盾。本文分析这个矛盾,先介绍了世贸组织同我国发展高技术产业有密切关系的规定和我国入世所作的承诺,接着分析了入世对我国高技术产业可能产生的影响、所提供的机遇和所造成的挑战,最后阐述了我们拟采取的战略及政策措施,以应对入世以后的新形势。     

加入WTO后的中国农业保护政策

加入 WTO后 ,中国农业保护的核心是营造良好的农业宏观环境 ,采取市场与政府调节相结合的手段。保护政策既要考虑农民增收 ,又要考虑农业的可持续发展。     

中国加入世贸组织对美国有利吗

历经了１５年漫长而艰难的谈判 ,到了２００１年 ,中国终于可以加入世贸组织了。从中国的观点看 ,这是一件大事。显然 ,中国的毅然入世是基于深思熟虑后的选择 ,确信利大于弊 ,特别是从远处着眼。中国既然必将在世界上扮演日益重要的角色 ,不可能自摒于国际规则之外 ,避免与人竞争。任何负面影响 ,诸如对国企的冲击、失业 ,甚至引发社会动荡 ,自当、并且能够处理的。这些问题已在另文中阐述 。本文的目的是澄清中国入世是否对美国有利。对此问题持负面意见者大致有五 :一是将中国妖魔化的人。他们认为中国仍在鼓吹共产主义 ,是美国的敌人…     

A market mechanism for electric power transmission

As competition is introduced into the electric power industry, access and pricing policy for transmission will play a pivotal role in shaping future market structure and performance. The externalities associated with the loop flow phenomenon in an electric power network constitute a significant barrier to the formation of efficient markets for electricity and transmission services. In this paper, we present a new approach to the design of an efficient market mechanism for transmission access that resolves these externalities. Under a trading rule that combines the Coasian and the Pigouvian principles to resolution of externalities, property rights are defined so that a competitive market could be established for transmission services and electricity to achieve a social optimum within a power pool. We characterize a dynamic trading process which is Lyapunov stable and always converges to a competitive equilibrium. Finally, we discuss some practical applicability and long-term investment issues.The authors are indebted to Charles Clark, Shmuel Oren, Pravin Varaiya, Robert Wilson, Felix Wu, and two referees for helpful comments and suggestions and particularly to William Hogan for many incisive comments and constructive suggestions. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of International Association of Energy Economists in Washington D.C., June 20, 1995, and at the Joint LBS/IFORS International Symposium on Energy Models for Policy and Planning in London on July 18–20, 1995. This paper does not represent the views of EPRI or its members. The authors remain solely responsible for the errors in this paper.     

Bidder cost revelation in electric power auctions

Competitive auctions for electric power sources whose operation will be based upon economic dispatch raise new challenges for auction designers. The efficient selection and operation of such generation sources requires revelation of bidder types over two-dimensions, fixed and variable costs. The way in which fixed and variable prices are combined into a net score, which determines the winning bids, plays a key role in influencing bidders behavior. This paper analyzes bidder strategies and develops necessary conditions of bid scoring systems for the existence of equilibrium strategies that will result in efficient operations. Existing and proposed bid scoring systems are examined using our results.     

入世后我国旅游业的发展战略选择

本文联系我国旅游业的现状和“入世”基本承诺 ,分析了加入WTO给我国旅游业带来的机遇与挑战 ,并从旅游企业、旅游行业协会及政府管理部门三个角度提出面对WTO的战略选择。     

加入WTO与中国农业对策

由于历史和现实原因，中国农产品的国际市场竞争力在总体上是处于劣势，但并非所有农产品都已失去比较优势，有些农产品的外贸优势正在加强。应当因势利导发挥比较优势，增强农产品的国际市场竞争力。加入WTO，必须扩大农产品市场的开放度，这是不言而喻的，但这并不意味着中国农产品市场会大门洞开。作为发展中国家的中国，可以利用WTO的规则，掌握农产品市场开放的主动权，把市场开放的风险降到最低限度。     

入世对吸引外商直接投资的影响

中国与美国、欧盟分别就加入 WTO达成了"双赢"协议,为中国早日加入 WTO排除了最大的障碍。加入 WTO,意味着我国将从半开放、半保护状态走向全面开放格局,意味着我国的经济活动将执行国际经贸规则,意味着我国的经济发展战略、经济政策、经济法律及各项经济工作将进行一系列适应性调整。以下从四个方面分析了加入 WTO对我国吸引外商直接投资 (FDI)的影响及应对措施。 　　1.加入 WTO,中国将迎来新一轮 FDI热潮,各地区各行业应抓住机遇,做好配套的准备工作。加入 WTO,我国的投资环境将发生实质性改善：国内各产业领域的市…     

论加入WTO后我国的贸易政策调整

改革开放以后,随着我国经济发展水平的不断提高,贸易保护政策已经基本完成了历史使命。而且,随着贸易保护边际成本的不断上升,其合理性也大大降低。在知识经济和全球化的大背景下,加入WTO对我国经济带来的冲击将小于理论上的预期值。入世后我国的贸易政策取向应该是适度的自由化。     

Entry into exit: insolvency in English professional football

This study uses a unique database of financial accounts for English football clubs between 1974 and 2010 to examine the process by which firms fail, which in this context means entering insolvency proceedings. From the data it is possible to estimate shocks to demand and productivity and to show that failing firms typically experience a series of negative shocks. This is consistent with the standard IO theory models of exit.