SPS对我国禽肉出口影响的经济学分析

SPS(Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Agreement)(卫生与动植物检疫)措施是与风险密切相关的技术性贸易措施,SPS协议是用来规范成员国SPS措施的世贸组织协议,是成员国必须遵守的章程。目前SPS措施壁垒已成为中国禽肉出口的主要障碍。本文运用经济学局部均衡分析框架分析了SPS措施对我国禽肉出口的影响效应。研究认为,SPS措施对禽肉出口的短期影响为数量限制,而长期影响则表现为贸易限制(禁止)和贸易转移效应,最后用实证案例对SPS措施产生的贸易效应进行了验证。针对SPS措施的影响,认为加强我国防疫体系建设,建设无规定疫病区,严格控制药物使用和残留监控,采用HACCP认证等提高我国SPS水平,以较高的遵从成本换取更高的遵从收益。     

SPS壁垒的评判标准探讨

文章解析了SPS兴起的经济学基础,梳理了SPS措施与技术性贸易措施及绿色贸易措施的关系,进而根据WTO相关规则原创性地提出了评判正当SPS措施的8条标准,并且分析了这些标准背后隐藏的问题。文章提出,我国针对SPS措施和SPS壁垒应采取不同的应对策略:积极"遵从"国际贸易中正当的SPS措施;向WTO争端解决机制"申诉",运用法律和谈判手段解决SPS壁垒;对于我国和其他发展中国家面临的客观"SPS壁垒",国际组织应尽快澄清SPS协议中的模糊规定,提高SPS协议的执行度;同时,国际组织和发达国家要积极援助发展中国家,提高他们的遵从能力,发展中国家也要积极主动参与国际标准的制定,从游戏规则的被动接受者转变为制定者。     

试论世贸组织《卫生和植物检疫协议》面临的新挑战

世贸组织《卫生和植物检疫》(SPS)协议对于规范国际贸易中SPS措施的使用起了非常积极的作用。然而,目前该协议却受到某些新问题的挑战,其中包括:转基因农产品的安全性争端,世贸组织无歧视原则的适应性,发展中国家遵从SPS的困难和遵从成本,发展中国家参与国际组织的困境以及SPS模糊条款的具体化和清晰化。这些问题的正确解决将进一步提高SPS协议的执行效率和各国SPS措施的规范化。     

论WTO自由贸易下的环境PPM标准

WTO规则中的TBT协议和SPS协议允许成员国在不违反非歧视原则及其他基本原则的前提下利用与产品有关PPMS来限制产品贸易,这对发展中国家形成了新的挑战,发展中国家应采取各种措施努力制定更高环境标准.     

技术性贸易壁垒对出口国的经济效应综合分析

在国际社会不断呼吁贸易自由化的今天,技术性贸易壁垒成为了阻碍贸易的一项重要措施。一般的观点认为,技术性贸易壁垒给出口国带来的只是巨大的负效应,然而笔者以为,这只是一种短期的影响,而从中长期来说,如果处理得当,可能还会存在正的效应。文章分短期和中长期两个阶段,用理论和实证相结合的方法,分析和探讨了技术性贸易壁垒对出口国带来的贸易效应、社会福利效应和产业效应。     

谈维护"公平贸易"

世界贸易组织推行的是一种开放、公平和正常竞争的规则体制.这些规则包括反倾销协议,反补贴协议,目的是抵制价格歧视或政府补贴所造成的价格扭曲,以保证公平的竞争环境;允许在特定情况下采取临时性贸易保障措施,以保障贸易在正常水平上的进行;公平贸易还涉及知识产权的保护,因为知识产权侵权也是一种不公平竞争行为,然而对知识产权权利的滥用也可以构成不公平竞争.同样,对WTO的贸易的技术壁垒协议、动植物检疫协议以及环境保护规范加以歪曲、过份地运用,以实施WTO规则的名义行贸易保护之实或贸易歧视等,都是违反WTO公平竞争原则的.     

我国应以何种措施应对新贸易保护主义

国际金融危机导致世界上许多国家陷入衰退,全球贸易保护主义思潮不断迭起。中国作为世界最大的出口国和第二大进口国,在进出口贸易中深受贸易保护主义的影响,面对这些挑战,我们应该采取何种措施,如何趋利避害。     

SPS措施对中国农产品出口贸易影响的实证分析——基于HMR法和极大似然法的比较

SPS措施作为WTO多边贸易协定下的重要内容,一直对农产品贸易影响巨大,而且在短期内不会随着区域贸易协定的繁荣而削弱其贸易效应。本文采用前沿HMR法和极大似然法对中国农产品出口遭遇SPS措施的贸易效应进行比较研究。结论显示,在既定条件满足时,HMR模型可以很好地测算贸易广度和贸易深度。而基于拟极大似然法的ZINBPML模型能很好地解决过度散布问题。对于中国主要出口农产品,SPS措施既能增加贸易广度,也能提升贸易深度。其原因在于,SPS措施不仅能促进出口市场多元化,还能增加进口消费信心和安全感,反而可以扩大出口额。     

关于SPS措施的研究动态综述

SPS措施是与食品安全、动植物健康、环境风险密切相关的技术性措施,也是国际贸易必须遵循的游戏规则,是一把“双刃”剑。西方学者对SPS的研究已形成较为完整和成熟的理论,在研究方法上,多采用定量研究为主,并紧密地服务于贸易实践,这对我国学者加深对SPS的理论认识,借鉴以贸易实践为基础的量化研究方法,具有重要启示。本文从多维角度综述了中外学者关于SPS的研究成果。     

数据跨境流动壁垒对数字服务贸易二元边际影响的经验研究

文章基于2014～2018年31个代表性出口国的数据,利用计量模型考察数据跨境流动壁垒对数字服务出口二元边际的影响。研究表明:(1)贸易双方实施数据跨境流动限制性措施阻碍出口国的数字服务出口二元边际扩张,且出口国对数据跨境流动监管所带来的抑制作用更强。(2)深入分析发现,出口国通过改善和提升其网络安全建设能力、数据安全技术使用强度、互联网普及率、ICT发展水平及经济发展水平,可降低数据跨境流动壁垒对该国数字服务出口二元边际的抑制作用。(3)数据跨境流动壁垒对数字服务出口二元边际的影响因出口国或进口国是否为欧盟成员国及贸易部门结构而异。文章的研究结论为我国跨境数据流动治理制度完善及数字服务贸易发展提出相应的政策建议。     

Trading with Conditions: The Effect of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on the Agricultural Exports from Low‐income Countries

Market access for agricultural products is increasingly determined by capability to comply with a wide array of regulatory measures. From a trade perspective, one of the most important aspects of such regulatory measures is their potential distortionary effect, as their cost of compliance is often asymmetrical across countries. This paper investigates the effect of the European Union's sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures on the exports from low income countries. This study finds that SPS measures result in relatively higher burden for low income countries but that membership in deep trade agreements seems to reduce the difficulties related to compliance with SPS measures. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that while many middle and high income countries have the internal capacity to comply with SPS measures, most low income countries do not.     

The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on Market Entry and Trade Flows

In an attempt to disentangle the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures on trade patterns, we use the database on specific trade concerns on SPS measures of the WTO. Estimating various gravity model specifications at the HS4 disaggregated level of trade, we find that aggregated SPS measures constitute obstacles to agricultural and food trade consistently to all exporters. But conditional on market entry, trade flows are positively affected by SPS measures. In addition, we find that SPS measures related to conformity assessment hamper market entry, while SPS measures related to product characteristics increase bilateral trade flows conditional on meeting the standard.     

中国茶叶产业国际竞争力分析

中国是茶叶生产和出口大国,茶叶出口在对外贸易中占据比较重要的地位。通过构建评价指标体系,运用国际市场占有率、贸易专业化指数、显性比较优势指数对中国茶叶产业的国际竞争力进行评估分析,进而提出了提升其国际竞争力的对策建议。     

东盟“10+3”出口与进口效应:基于三维引力模型的研究

本文利用三维引力模型研究了中国、日本、韩国与东盟成员国1998至2007年间的贸易活动。基于对国家异质性的考虑,面板计量方法上的引力模型应该包括出口国效应、进口国效应和商业周期效应三个维度。本文在中日韩-东盟的区域贸易框架下,采用三维引力模型的不同形式,对各成员国的出口效应与进口效应进行估计,从而解释国家特征在该区域贸易中的影响。本文最后测算了中国、日本、韩国对区域内各国的出口潜力,以便为该区域国家贸易政策的制定提供一些指导。     

Non‐Tariff Measures,Specific Trade Concerns and Tariff Reduction

This paper studies the determinants of the recent proliferation of Specific Trade Concerns raised at the WTO on non‐tariff trade measures (NTMs), with a focus on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBTs). Even though NTMs are imposed de jure to protect consumers from unhealthy products, they increase trade costs de facto. So, when tariff protection lowers, NTMs become effective barriers to trade and the exporting countries can complain at the dedicated committee at the WTO (STCs). Therefore, we study whether STCs are raised by exporting countries as a consequence of tariff reductions in importing countries, that is when non‐tariff measures become barriers to trade. Using a recent database on STCs over the period 1996–2010, we find empirical evidence that SPS and TBT concerns are raised by exporting country as a consequence of importer's tariff cut.     

Rules of Origin and Strategic Choice of Compliance

This paper examines how an input supplier’s monopoly power affects exporters’ choice between compliance and noncompliance with rules of origin (ROO) in a free trade area (FTA). When the regional input supplier has monopoly power, the number of compliers largely affects the input price. This is because to meet ROO, exporters must use a certain ratio of the input originated within the area. In such a case, each exporter has an incentive to choose noncompliance with ROO if the rival exporter complies. Because this incentive yields strategic substitution between symmetric exporters, the coexistence of the complier and the non-complier appears in equilibrium. Our model consists of three final-good producers (one in an importing country and two in an exporting country) and one input supplier, which is in the importing country and has monopoly power. We show that within the range of parameter values for which some exporters comply with ROO, the content rate affects the output of the final-good producer in the importing country and the country’s welfare in a U-shaped fashion. The content rate levels that allow the coexistence of the complier and the non-complier minimize welfare.