南方集体林区林业产业发展水平综合评价与分析

针对南方集体林区林业产业发展不平衡的现状,对集体林区林业产业发展水平和发展现状进行了全面综合的测度与评价,结果表明:从集体林区平均水平来看,林业产业产值对GDP的贡献率约为10.0%;集体林区正经历着林业产业结构的转型,可分为3个阶段:2008年之前为一个阶段,2008~2011年之间为一个阶段,2011年至未来某一年为另一个阶段;广东省第三产业增长弹性系数较高,林业发展速度较快;福建省林业产业工业化水平最高;浙江省林业人均创造价值最高,林业生产效率较高;湖北省经济林产业在集体林区中占据重要地位,2012年增加值占集体林区总增加值的19.3%;集体林区木材加工及制造业发展迅速,2011年增加值占中国总增加值的47.6%,但2012年下降幅度较大;广东省林业旅游与休闲产业总收入占集体林区总收入的40.2%,较大幅度领先于其它省份。     

Moving up the processing ladder in primary product exports: Sri Lanka's "value-added" tea industry

Governments in many developing countries, influenced by the experience of the East Asian newly industrialized countries, have adopted policies to enhance domestic processing of primary commodities as a tool for accelerating employment growth, export revenues, and development. Sri Lanka has traditionally exported tea in the form of bulk (commodity) teas, but “value‐added” teas such as packaged teas, tea bags, etc., have expanded in recent years. This article examines factors affecting the processing of value‐added tea products in Sri Lanka by modeling export supply behavior. Estimates of the long‐run relationship and short‐run dynamics of export supply are presented and discussed. The price of value‐added tea relative to bulk tea, and industry capacity, are identified as the main determinants of export supply, while exchange rate changes have no discernible effect. The policy implications of the analysis for enhancing further expansion of such value‐added teas are presented. These are of interest for both policy makers and development analysts. In particular, the reasons that undermine the effectiveness of exchange rate policy as an instrument to stimulate value addition of primary products have much relevance for similar developing countries.     

Internal and contextual drivers of dairy restructuring: evidence from French mountainous areas and post‐quota prospects

The end of the milk quota system in Europe has resulted in substantial structural changes to the dairy industry, calling its future into question, especially in mountainous areas. This study analyzes the internal and contextual factors that influence dairy restructuring in French mountainous areas. Three complementary logit models are used to specify farmer decisions (e.g., dairy production exit, stability, and growth). Original and exhaustive geo‐located administrative datasets are combined to create a farm longitudinal dataset and characterize farm‐restructuring patterns on a fine geographical scale. Farm size, corporate legal status, and specialization are positively associated with farm growth. Viable diversification strategies through either farm processing or agro‐environmental scheme contracting are also highlighted. Farm sustainability is supported by the economic success of the local industry and the propensity to adopt extensive practices. With respect to public policy, dairy policy appears to have the strongest impact. Thus, the liberalization of dairy policy threatens the future of dairy farming, particularly in areas with low milk density and no production under labels. This work calls for a policy that promotes the collective dimension of dairy farm performance. The current rural development policy alone may be insufficient to support farms’ long‐term sustainability.     

Perceptions of “Organic” Food: A View Through Brand Theory

Globally, the organic food industry has experienced impressive growth rates, especially in the United States and Europe, yet still accounts for a relatively small portion of total food sales. In the United States, it constitutes less than 5% percent of food sales despite a decade of support by the U.S. National Organic Standard. Using the United States as a context, the authors show through survey data and confirmatory factor analysis that when “organic” is examined through the lens of brand theory, it is clear that it has yet to attain brand equity. There is evidence of brand awareness and perceived quality, suggesting that the industry has moved in the right direction. Yet negative perceptions of value and no evidence of brand loyalty undermine the industry’s goals. Because “organic” carries different significance to different consumers, the industry will have to develop a cohesive strategy to reestablish “organic” in a unified way. For country markets of similar experience with organic food, and for markets just beginning to consider consumer interest in organic food, these lessons from the United States offer guidance for policy and marketing strategy.     

The connection between fisheries resources and spatial land use change: The case of two New England fish ports

This study examined interactions between targeted fish populations, aspects of the fishing industry and land use changes along two ports in New England. By tracking changes in land uses over a two-decade period using parcel level data and geographic information system (GIS) tools, we examined the relationship of changes in species biomass, landings and other fishing industry variables to community spatial change. Using logistic regression models we assessed the impacts on essential infrastructure for continued fishing industry activity. Our findings have implications for land use policy that should accompany efforts being made to rehabilitate fish stocks; it should ensure that current marine infrastructure will remain in place to support the fishing industry if and when species rebound. Our models show that in New Bedford Harbor, the larger of the two ports, increasing scallop biomass (considered a long-term factor) is associated with the increase of marine-related land uses. In Provincetown Harbor, short-term factors, such as value and volume of fish landings as well as stock sizes, influence land use change. These findings suggest that the smaller port (Provincetown) is more vulnerable to market conditions and therefore in need of greater land use controls to prevent the conversion of marine-related uses. We propose some directions for further research and present the methodology used as one that can be applied to research questions of a similar nature.     

Modelling the impacts of policy on entry into organic farming: Evidence from Danish–UK comparisons, 1989–2007

This paper analyses organic farming entry decisions using a piece-wise linear depiction of policy. Our goal is to ascertain, from the available but limited information, whether Danish and UK policy measures toward organic agriculture have affected participation. Despite considerable interest in the growth of organic farming there has been little systematic analysis of it, although it is commonly believed that enhanced income levels have played a part. Whilst analyses of organic farming policy have provided extensive reviews of instruments applied, generally speaking, the spirit of those enquiries takes as datum that organic policies have had the desired impacts. Yet such conjectures remain mostly untested. Hence, there is a need to examine systematically if there exist relationships between the introduction of organic farming policies and the growth of organic farming, and whether particular policy measures are more effective than others. Here, we take a first step in this endeavor by undertaking an econometric analysis of the relationship between 14 organic farming policy measures and participation rates in Denmark and the UK during 1989–2007. Using two response variables – the numbers of farmers converted to organic production and the total land area under organic practice – we implement a simple, Bayesian methodology and evaluate the stepwise-linear impacts of policy. Extensions for future work are discussed. Six policy measures in the two study countries were found to be significant influences on participation, five of them direct supply-side instruments. For the UK, all of the policies are annual subsidies for organic farmers once conversion was complete. For Denmark, the policies are the introduction of organic subsidies for non-dairy farms, the extension of subsidies beyond 1997 and support for the costs of marketing services.     

Why Isn’t More US Farmland Organic?

We develop a theoretical model to assess the dollar compensation required to induce conventional growers to convert to organic. The model incorporates the uncertainty in producers’ expectations about future returns and about the impact of policy changes on these expectations in particular. We demonstrate that a new policy which favours organic can have opposing effects on the rate of conversion. An increase in relative returns to organic today will increase conversion rates. However, if the future of the policy programme is uncertain, its introduction can increase the value of waiting to switch, which will decrease conversion rates. We then develop an empirical switching regression model that enables direct estimation of the value associated with being able to postpone the conversion decision until some of the uncertainty is resolved. The model is applied to data on organic and conventional soybeans before and after major changes in US farm policy toward organic growers. The results suggest that sunk costs associated with conversion to organic coupled with uncertainty about future returns can help to explain why there is so little organic farmland in the USA.     

Issues Affecting the U.S. Poultry Industry and International Poultry Trade

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine issues and concerns that may affect the future direction of the U.S. poultry industry and international poultry trade. Given the economic contribution of the poultry industry, it is important to have some understanding about the future direction of the industry, both at the national and international levels. To generate the information required, this study surveyed the top poultry producers in the country as well as specialists and experts in the industry. Although both the producers and specialists believe that the industry has a bright future, they also think that the rapid production growth experienced by the poultry industry in the past two decades cannot be sustained. Growth restrictions in the industry will come from a variety of sources such as environmental waste management, food safety, labor shortages, animal welfare, and increased foreign competition.     

山东海洋产业与国民经济增长计量分析

山东省海洋产业的蓬勃収展带动了国民经济的快速增长,随着山东半岛蓝色经济区战略部署的提出,未来山东省海洋产业的収展将更加迅猛。本文通过搜集2003-2013年山东省国民经济产值的增加值和海洋产业的增加值,建立了两者之间的ECM模型幵迚行了相兲的计量分析,根据模型结果得出国民经济与海洋产业的相互作用机理:国民经济增长是海洋产业収展的基本保证,海洋产业的蓬勃収展促迚了国民经济的収展,根据两者的相互兲系提出了转变经济增长方式、构建海洋产业収展支撑体系以及优化区域布局方式,加强合作交流等政策建议。     

林业产业结构对其总产值的影响分析

在界定了合理的林业产业结构的基础上,分析了中国1999～2008年间林业产业产值的变化情况,并运用灰色关联度分析方法分析了此阶段中国林业产业结构变化对林业产业总产值的贡献和影响程度,得出如下结论:林业三次产业产值均对林业产业总产值增长作出了重要贡献,且随着林业产业结构的变化,第二次产业产值与林业产业总产值增长的关联度最大。最后,有针对性地指出了中国林业产业未来的发展趋势。     

Integrating the environmental and economic consequences of converting to organic agriculture: evidence from a case study

In the current debate about the future of food quality, the merits of organic agriculture are frequently championed, but few studies have sought to integrate the changes in soil conditions, biodiversity and socio-economic welfare linked to the conversion from non-organic to organic production. This article aims to undertake this approach with respect to one case study. Its conclusions may not be representative for all organic conversions, but the findings are of relevance at a time of debate over changing patterns of subsidies and other incentives in agricultural policy. The study showed that there were demonstrable differences in overall environmental conditions in the comparison of organic and non-organic farming, with field evidence of increased species diversity, and an eventual improvement in the profitability of the organic farming regime. The broad conclusion is that there are definite environmental and economic advantages arising from organic agriculture that are not fully reflected in the present pattern of agricultural incentives. The study also showed that variations in farm management practice strongly influence the notion of on-farm and off-farm environmental consequences. The implications of these findings for the future of sustainable agriculture and for interdisciplinary science are also discussed.     

澳大利亚人力资源管理特点及启示

在日益开放的社会环境下,人力资源管理对于一个企业或单位,乃至一个国家增强竞争力,不断保持良好发展势头是至关重要的。文章介绍了澳大利亚人力资源管理现状、特点及一些重要政策出台的背景。虽然澳大利亚的自然状况、体制和经济社会发展水平与我国有很大的差别,但是澳大利亚结合自身特点,采用以人为本的人力资源管理的理念和一些具体做法,值得我们借鉴。     

THE IAC'S APPROACH TO AGRICULTURAL POLICY*

The main recommendations contained in the IAC's reports on rural references are outlined. The Commission's reasoning on four issues that are widely viewed as important to the formulation of rural policy is examined. The four issues are: assistance to industry; terms of trade; uncertainty and instability; and adjustment policy. Criticisms are made of the IAC's argument on these issues, and some inconsistencies between reports are indicated. It is concluded that the IAC has made a valuable contribution to the discussion of rural policy in Australia even though its recommendations are sometimes sounder than the argument offered to support them.     

The power of two: squaring off with Australia's large supermarket chains*

The level and nature of competition in supermarket retailing in Australia has been hotly debated as a policy issue in recent times. The creeping acquisitions of smaller groups by Coles and Woolworths have led to several investigations amid claims that consumers will be disadvantaged by the growth of the two big chains. Yet little convincing evidence has been found to support these assertions. Although on occasions the big two may have used their power vertically to squeeze suppliers, consumers have experienced highly competitive retail markets. In this paper, it is argued that it is market conduct, not structure, that should be the prime focus of regulatory and policy interest, and that recent corporate activity may lead to a third force in supermarket retailing in Australia that could not only ensure continued competitiveness in the industry, but could also help to constrain the successful exercise of vertical market power by the two big chains. Accordingly, it is argued that intervention as a general policy in supermarket retailing would not be socially efficient, at least not until a wide range of objective and quantitative assessments have been carried out on the operation of the supermarket sector.     

中国观赏虾的产业化开发及展望

论文介绍了目前水族市场上的主要观赏虾品种水晶虾、观赏鳌虾、海水观赏虾,从观赏、生态、经济等方面阐述了观赏虾的开发价值。在对我国观赏虾的苗种来源、幼体培育及观赏虾产业开发现状进行分析的基础上,针对观赏虾产业化过程中存在的问题,提出了通过观赏虾新品种的选育、规模化人工繁殖及产业化养殖的手段来进一步扩大观赏虾市场的途径,并对我国观赏虾的产业化开发前景做出展望,为推动观赏虾产业的发展提供参考。     

Capitalisation of residential solar photovoltaic systems in Western Australia

Due to government financial incentives and falling prices of photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar power has become the fastest growing renewable energy source in Australia. As financial incentives are being reduced or phased out, there is a possibility that adoption of this technology will slow down, thus creating a need for improved policy instruments targeted at adoption of residential PV systems. One of the factors affecting adoption of solar technology in the residential sector is its capitalisation in property values. Yet, the awareness of the capitalisation of PV investments in the Australian property market is limited. Our data indicate that homeowners who anticipate selling their properties in the near future are reluctant to adopt PV systems. This paper presents the first empirical estimate of the property price premiums associated with residential solar PV systems in Australia using residential property sales data from the Perth metropolitan area of Western Australia. An estimated 2.3–3.2 per cent property price premium associated with the PV systems suggests that homeowners fully recover the costs of PV investments upon the sale of their properties. Effective government policy could use this information to encourage adoption of residential PV systems by homeowners.     

An overview of hydrogen prospects: Economic,technical and policy considerations

Hydrogen is expected to play a role in the future low-carbon economy as an energy carrier, but its market penetration remains to be seen. Much of the existing literature generally focuses on comparison of marginal production costs and prices to make rather optimistic projections. This study argues that such analysis is myopic as important barriers are ignored. Following Porter’s five-force approach, we methodologically identify the economic market forces that shape the development of hydrogen markets, and discuss key obstacles in the supply chain. Using evidence of available hydrogen technologies and costs, the distribution network is identified as a major fixed-investment barrier to market entry, but it is argued that much of it could be overcome if natural gas infrastructure and technology is shared with the hydrogen sector. Natural gas, in turn, is projected to function as a transition fuel under current carbon emissions targets. This study finds that policy costs needed to promote hydrogen to achieve environmental goals can be substantially reduced if government and private investment decisions strategically focus on synergies with natural gas. The possible formulation of such policies is discussed using Australia’s hydrogen industry as a case study.     

加工农产品的附加值来自哪里——消费偏好视角的分析

从消费者偏好的视角,探究加工农产品的附加值来源,能够为中国农产品加工业发展提供关键信息。以果汁产品为例,本文采用选择实验法实证分析了消费者对产品类型、品牌地、加工地、原料产地和转基因等产品属性的偏好与支付意愿。研究结果表明,产品类型和非转基因是果汁产品附加值提升的关键,品牌和原料的原产国也有助于实现加工农产品的附加值;消费偏好具有显著的异质性特征,针对不同消费群体的产品质量设计有助于实现加工农产品的附加值。因此,政府产业政策部门和农产品加工企业可以通过调整产品类型和加贴非转基因标签,来提升中国加工农产品的附加值。同时,通过政府或行业协会实施品牌和原料的原产国公共推广政策、维护和塑造原产地正面形象,也能够有效提升附加值。     

Knowledge Diffusion and Networking in the Organic Production Sector: A Case Study

Knowledge Diffusion and Networking in the Organic Production Sector: A Case Study
Recent uncertainty throughout the food system has put pressure on European farmers, now facing economic globalisation, changing consumer preferences, and a new legal and regulatory framework. Under these new circumstances, policy-makers must identify new strategies for developing food production systems in ways that benefit the whole of society, whilst minimising negative effects upon the environment. In this regard, the organic food sector, characterised by an ever more complex legislative framework and policy environment, presents an opportunity and a challenge for policy-makers as well as for farms and firms. This article reports findings from a case study of knowledge diffusion in the organic sector in the province of Foggia, a developmentally backward area in Southern Italy. Our study shows that despite a cohesive'network of interactions' among organic producers, exchanges of knowledge are fairly marginal. This communication void is partially filled by local institutions that are shown to be effective in diffusing juridical and technical knowledge but less effective in providing commercial/market information. Further institutional efforts are required to cover these knowledge gaps. The study draws attention to some policy issues that can be shared by groups of organic producers elsewhere with characteristics similar to the Foggian case study, similarities that call for institutions to facilitate the creation, interpretation, and sharing of knowledge.     

加强钼资源宏观调控 限产保价提高话语权

钼矿是我国重要的优势战略资源。2005年以来我国钼矿产量的增长速度快于需求量的增长,产量远远超过需求量,钼产量的30%以上用于出口。目前我国钼行业存在投资过热,开采无节制,产能过剩,以及采权权管理混乱等问题。政策建议：将钼矿资源纳入我国总量调控矿种;调整优化矿产资源消费结构,发展钼深加工产品;加强对钼矿资源的战略储备;提高开发准入门槛,推动资源整合,走产业集聚化道路;调整出口政策,将出口压缩到合理的水平。