规模经济不需要行政性进入壁垒的保护

我国的很多垄断性产业处于市场内生性的结构性进入壁垒和政府设置壁垒的双重保护下。政府设置进入壁垒的原因被认为是保护在位企业的规模经济。本文的分析表明,这类企业的规模本身就构成了进入壁垒,并不需要行政性壁垒的保护。为弱化行政性进入壁垒下企业内生的低效率,有必要放松乃至解除行政性壁垒,但这并不必然导致竞争性低效率。     

国际反倾销经济效应研究综述

从反倾销措施的贸易效应、产业影响以及社会福利等方面对国际反倾销经济效应相关研究进行追踪梳理.旨在把握后金融危机时代不同国家过度运用反倾销措施实施贸易保护新动向的深层次动因,为我国政府制定和优化贸易政策,完善我国企业应对反倾销的战略体系,提升我国企业的国际竞争力,提供创新的战略思路和理论支持.     

消除技术性贸易壁垒 发展我国对外贸易

文章介绍了国际贸易中保护贸易的措施和技术性壁垒的手段 ,概述了我国在与国际经济贸易接轨时所遇到的技术性壁垒的形式和应对措施及利用非关税壁垒保护我国民族工业的对策     

本地偏好、边界效应与市场一体化-基于中国地区间增值税流动数据的实证研究

本文采用2003—2005年中国省际产品贸易及缴纳增值税的数据,在边界效应模型中对省际贸易的本地偏好程度进行了实证检验。本文发现:在各种模型设定下,中国省际产品贸易确实存在明显的本地偏好;在控制了经济规模、对外贸易、行政区划、临近效应、双边及多边贸易壁垒等因素之后,历年的省际边界效应大约在4—6之间;2003—2005年,省际边界效应没有出现一致的变化趋势。本文的结果表明中国国内产品市场的一体化已具备较高的水平。     

本地偏好、边界效应与市场一体化——基于中国地区间增值税流动数据的实证研究

本文采用2003--2005年中国省际产品贸易及缴纳增值税的数据,在边界效应模型中对省际贸易的本地偏好程度进行了实证检验。本文发现：在各种模型设定下,中国省际产品贸易确实存在明显的本地偏好;在控制了经济规模、对外贸易、行政区划、临近效应、双边及多边贸易壁垒等因素之后,历年的省际边界效应大约在4—6之间;2003--2005年,省际边界效应没有出现一致的变化趋势。本文的结果表明中国国内产品市场的一体化已具备较高的水平。     

贸易保护政治经济学的产生及其最新发展

传统的自由贸易理论认为，自由贸易能够最大限度地增加世界福利，因而应该是各国政府的最优政策选择。但在现实中，贸易保护主义一直盛行。对此，新贸易理论和战略贸易政策理论做出了解释，其核心是“利润转移理论”和“外部经济理论”。“利润转移理论”认为，在不完全竞争市场结构下存在超额垄断利润，而政府单边的贸易支持措施就可以使本国企业获得此项超额利润，只要该利润超过政府付出的成本，就可以增加本国福利。“外部经济理论”认为，如果存在市场的不完全以及外部效应等市场失灵的情况，政府适度的贸易干预政策可以纠正这些市场失灵造成的扭曲，增加本国福利。上述理论似乎为政府的贸易干预和保护措施提供了合理的辩护。但在现实中，这些贸易干预和保护政策是否能够真正提高本国的福利却遭到了质疑。“利润转移理论”面临着如何测算政府支持政策的经济效应和成本的困境，即使是非常有效率和决策能力的政府也难以保证政策的成功。而“外部经济理论”中的市场扭曲也很难度量，况且贸易干预和保护政策往往并不是纠正市场扭曲的最佳政策选择，相反却有可能造成其他生产和消费的扭曲，其效应甚至不如一些直接生产或消费补贴措施。因此，将贸易政策仅仅作为提高一国福利的手段来解释存在明显缺陷。于是，经济学家们开始尝试从全新的角度来解释贸易政策的产生和变化。这是贸易保护政治经济学理论产生的重要前提。     

贸易融资套利、商品价格变动及货币政策效应

近年来大宗商品贸易中融资套利活动异常活跃,但目前还缺乏系统的理论分析框架和有效的政策应对措施。本文尝试在传统库存理论的基础之上,引入融资套利交易因素,建立套利库存的均衡分析框架,为观察商品价格变动及货币政策效应提供新视角,并为诊断贸易融资套利活跃程度提供"效应显示"方法。实证研究发现,跨境贸易融资套利比境内贸易融资套利更加活跃;境内市场利率超过均衡利率向上变动时,有助于扩大融资套利利差,强化融资套利效应;人民币贬值和政府管制对融资套利行为具有一定的抑制作用,但作用有限;境内实施紧缩性货币政策时,融资套利效应会强化商品市场的"调整不足"现象。     

我国区际技术性贸易壁垒的成因与管治探讨

地方政府作为利益主体、经济主体、管理主体是我国区际贸易技术性壁垒产生的主要原因。产品市场准人机制的统一、市场质量监管的统一、技术服务网络的统一是克服区际贸易技术性壁垒,加速区域市场一体化,进而达到全国市场一体化的根本途径。     

中国城市边界效应下降了吗?-基于一价定律的研究

不同区域内部的价格分布的差异会干扰到边界效应的估计,即异质效应的存在。本文基于一价定律修正了边界效应模型,利用2004—2007年长三角和珠三角25个城市的六大类商品价格信息,估计了城市边界效应值并考察了城市边界效应的时间趋势。实证结果表明:考虑了异质效应能够有效降低不同地区价格分布差异的干扰,修正后的中国城市平均边界效应从45.9万公里下降至6.6万公里,且每年以0.2%的速度呈下降趋势。行政边界对城市边界效应的影响较大。     

谈动物福利制度对我国国际贸易的影响和对策

随着全球经济一体化的不断深入,贸易自由化程度的提高,关税以及传统非关税措施所能发挥的作用也在削弱。目前,越来越多的发达国家利用本国动物福利优势,制定动物福利条款对国际贸易施加影响,动物福利壁垒所发挥出来的贸易限制效应和贸易禁止效应作用明显,如果不给予足够重视,我国农畜产品在进入国际市场时将会遭遇巨大障碍,只有充分重视并积极落实动物福利问题,我国的禽畜产品才能充分发挥我国劳动力资源丰富的比较优势,从而具备强大的国际市场竞争力,才能够从容应对动物福利壁垒。文章首先对动物福利壁垒的形成原因、基本特征进行论述,并阐述了其对中国国际贸易的影响,然后借鉴发达国家的经验,结合国内实际情况提出相应对策。     

Adjustment costs and factor demands in Canadian manufacturing industries

This paper examines whether there is a relationship between the commodity terms of trade (the price of primary commodities relative to the price of manufactures) and the net barter terms of trade of 42 Sub-Saharan African countries. For most countries, there is little evidence of a stable, long-run relationship between the two terms of trade series. Accordingly, the practice in the literature of proxying for movements in any given country's terms of trade by using an aggregate index of relative commodity prices is inappropriate, and is likely to engender misleading policy conclusions.     

Trade and civil conflict: Revisiting the cross‐country evidence

We revisit and expand the evidence on the impact of trade shocks on intra‐state conflict by using a large sample of developing countries in the 1960–2010 period. The results suggest that increases in the price of a country's exported commodities raise the country's risk of civil conflict and its duration. The effect on conflict risk is mainly driven by the price of point‐source commodities, in line with the rapacity effect theory of conflict. Intense trading with contiguous countries is associated with lower duration of conflict, consistent with the idea that such trade reduces the incentive of these countries to fuel conflict in their neighbor. Trading with neighbors is also associated with a lower risk of conflict when such trade occurs under trade agreements. On the other hand, we find no support for the opportunity cost theory via exported and imported commodities, nor via the economic cycle in export markets. We also identify a number of conditions under which the changes in the value of exported commodities cease to matter for conflict probability.     

The role of price risk in China’s agricultural and fisheries exports to the US

This article explores the effect of price risk on the US importers’ optimal allocation of agriculture imports between the major supplier, China, and other competing countries. We first modify a demand system to account for the impacts of own-price risk and cross-price risk, and then apply the model to 16 agricultural and fisheries commodities exported to the US. The estimation results show that importers are sensitive to price risks of 14 Chinese commodities. Comparisons between price risk–trade relations of agricultural and fisheries products and between trade effects of cross-price risk on Chinese goods and substitutes provide strong evidence for explaining the observed trade patterns. Our study highlights the importance of price stability in promoting international trade, especially from developing countries to developed countries.     

Towards a better estimation of agricultural supply elasticity: the case of soya beans in Brazil

Brazil is a major exporter of several agricultural commodities and has shown strong interest in agricultural trade negotiations. For several commodities, trade liberalization is expected to be followed by farmgate prices increase and to boost domestic production. However, in a country as big as Brazil, possible supply responses to price increase will probably strongly differ from one region to another. This article focuses on soya beans for which Brazil became a top exporter. The panel data technique is used to estimate the soy bean supply response at national and regional level. Soya bean supply is shown to be very price elastic. Moreover, soya bean supply own price elasticity is much higher in the Center-North regions than in the South of the country. Substitution between livestock and soya bean is also very significant in the Center-North region. World agricultural trade models should take account for such regional variability of soya bean supply elasticity. The results also allow us to discuss the issue of soya bean expansion at the Amazon border.     

中国金融发展对分类商品贸易竞争力的影响——基于1980年～2009年分类数据的实证研究

笔者基于国际贸易标准分类的一位数分类数据,使用协整方法实证研究了我国金融发展对不同行业外贸竞争力的影响作用.研究结果表明:我国各类商品外贸发展受金融深化的影响程度是不同的;资本、技术密集的商品类别受影响程度较高,而初级产品受价格和世界经济发展水平的影响程度较为显著;在所研究的9类商品中,有6类商品的外贸发展得益于金融深化进程.     

An empirical study of world market influences on price formation in West Germany

In this paper price and wage determination is analyzed for 35 industries in West-Germany. Tests are made to classify industries as being competitive, discriminatory or sheltered. The chosen approach is related to the “Scandinavian” model. It is shown that about a third of the industries in the sample are not price takers in spite of international trade. Wages are strongly influenced by world market and exchange rate developments. As to the effectiveness of revaluations the results imply that, first, revaluations do provide a protection against imported inflation. Second, revaluations can be expected to produce real effects since they affect the relative price between competitively and non-competitively produced commodities and the terms of trade.     

The import price index with trade barriers: theory and evidence

The standard economic import price index hinges on an assumption of free trade. Applying the index to situations with barriers to trade yields biased results compared to a true import price index. To circumvent this problem, it is common to use average prices, such as unit values, as an aggregator function. However, the use of average prices is not rooted in economic theory. In this paper, I generalise the economic import price index to allow for barriers to trade in the form of quantity constraints. To illustrate the theoretical framework, I use the case of imports of textiles to Norway from 1988 to 1997. I find that a standard economic import price index, such as the Laspeyres index, grossly overstates import costs and that this bias is significantly reduced by using unit values.     

Commodity Prices and the Terms of Trade

On combining national terms-of-trade data for developing countries with world prices of internationally traded primary commodities, it is found that variation in the world prices of three or fewer key exported commodities account for 50% or more of the annual variation in the terms of trade of a typical developing country. A considerable fraction of the variation is specific to a particular commodity and, given that the overall importance of primary commodities differs across developing countries, it is possible to account for much of the heterogeneity across them. It is concluded that commodity price fluctuations should be central features of two related literatures: studies of business cycle transmission across developing and industrialized nations, and empirical work aimed at constructing perpetual claims on developing country incomes as suggested by Shiller in 1995.     

Financialization and the rise in co-movement of commodity prices

Between January 2000 and June 2008, the FAO food price index rose by 96%. Besides the magnitude, the price rise was remarkable for the broad range of commodities affected; prices of agriculture commodities, energy, and metals all rose and fell together. These dramatic developments coincided with a massive inflow of investment in the commodities futures market, and the rise of commodities as an investment class. In this paper, I study causal links between the increase in the co-movement between commodity prices and financialization of the commodities futures market. I extract common factors from a group of 40 commodities using the PANIC method and include it in a factor-augment VEC model along with a proxy of financialization. Results show that financialization of the commodities futures markets can explain the recent rise in co-movement between commodity prices, after accounting for macroeconomic variables.     

Commodity market risk from 1995 to 2013: an extreme value theory approach

In this article we examine whether extreme risk has increased in the agricultural commodity market during the period 1995–2013. We add to the literature on food price volatility by analysing the tail segment of futures price return distributions. Food price variability is a concern for governments and regulators worldwide, as most nations trade in food. High food price variability can contribute to poverty and malnourishment, in particular for people in less economically developed economies. We find no indications of systematically increasing tail-risk for the commodities in our sample. Analysis of estimated shape-parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value distribution further supports the conclusion that there is no general systematic change in the extreme risk associated with these commodity investments.