基于山东省面板数据的FDI工资效应分析

本文首先回顾了国内外FDI工资效应的研究状况,并描述了FDI在山东省的分布现状,然后利用山东省2000～2009年的FDI与工资等面板数据,对山东省FDI工资效应建立计量模型进行回归分析。实证结果表明,山东省5市和总体数据外商投资规模对劳动力工资水平呈正效应,但由于FDI的区域分布不均衡,各市FDI对劳动力工资水平的影响程度也不同。     

外资对人力资本积累的作用

人力资本与外资之间是相互影响、相互作用的关系.人力资本的水平对于外资的吸引作用受到了人们的充分重视,但是外资对于人力资本积累的作用则为人们有意无意地忽略.其实,外资可以通过多种渠道影响人力资本的积累.本文的实证结果表明,外资对于人力资本积累的影响是显著的.外资对于人力资本的积累作用不容忽视.     

Bank Lending and Economic Growth of Chinese Cities

Using a city-level dataset over the period 2004-2006,the present study investigates the relationship between bank lending and the economic growth of Chinese cities.Unlike past studies,we divide bank lending into loans from three types of banks:foreign banks,city banks and other banks.Our findings are threefold.First,the lending of foreign banks exhibits a strong and positive association with the economic growth of Chinese cities. Second,foreign direct investment in the sampled cities enhances the lending effects of foreign banks,but reduces the lending effects of other banks on the economy of Chinese cities.Third, the effects of city competitiveness are similar to those of foreign direct investment;that is,city competitiveness augments the lending effects of foreign banks but reduces the lending effects of other banks.     

Foreign Manufacturing Investment in China： The Role of Industrial Agglomeration and Industrial Linkages

This paper investigates the forces that determine the industrial distribution of foreign manufacturing investment. It highlights the importance of industrial agglomeration and industrial linkage in attracting foreign investment to manufacturing industries. Using panel data for two-digit manufacturing industries in Beijing during the period of 1999-2004, this study finds that geographically agglomerated industries with strong intra-industrial linkages are indeed attractive to foreign investment. Previous foreign investment has led to the current industrial concentration or foreign investment. Investors also favor capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries, and they tend to be attracted to the most profitable and exporting industries, but avoid industries with high real labor costs and high entry barriers. Competitive local industries that possess comparative advantages are critical for attracting foreign investment. The existence of industrial clusters certainly enhances a city＇s attractiveness to foreign investment.     

外资进入对城镇居民收入的影响及差异——基于中国城镇家庭住户收入调查数据(CHIP)的经验研究

本文运用中国城镇家庭住户收入调查数据(CHIP),实证检验了外资进入对收入总体水平的影响.实证研究发现:外资进入对居民收入具有显著的正向效应,在控制了性别、年龄、政治面貌、受教育程度和工作经验等基本的收入决定要素下,逐步引入产业、省份、企业所有权和职业类别的固定效应后,检验结果依然稳健.本文进一步验证了外资进入对不同类型劳动者的影响.其结果显示:外资进入对高技能劳动收入的正向影响大于对低技能劳动力收入的正向影响;外资进入对不同所有制企业的劳动者收入的影响存在差异;外资进入对男性劳动力收入的正向影响大于对女性劳动力收入的正向影响;外资进入对高收入者的正向影响大于对低收入者的正向影响.因此,从某种意义上说,外资进入在提高居民总体收入水平的同时,也在拉大居民间的收入差距     

东北沿边口岸城市物流业与腹地发展实证研究

中国东北沿边口岸城市是中、蒙、俄、朝四国之间贸易的重要通道,是东北亚国家陆海相连的纽带。本文对中国东北沿边口岸城市物流业与腹地发展进行实证分析,选取地区货运总量、地区GDP的发展进行定量分析。采用东北沿边11个口岸城市2001-2011年的面板数据,利用回归分析、定量模型计算等进行实证研究。结果表明:沿边口岸城市物流业与其腹地经济发展具有显著的正相关性;沿边口岸城市物流业发展具有一定的发展模式,即基于货物枢纽的多功能服务型物流发展模式和口岸城市与腹地区域互动发展模式。     

What accounts for Chinese Business Cycle?

This paper investigates the sources of economic fluctuations in China since its reform that started in 1978. Using the framework of a standard neoclassical open economy model with time-varying frictions (wedge), we study the relative contribution of the efficiency, labor, investment and foreign debt wedges to the business cycles of China. The business accounting procedure suggests that productivity best explains the behavior of aggregate economic variables in China throughout the period of 1978–2006. The labor wedge plays a major role in explaining the movement of labor force. The foreign debt wedge and investment wedge primarily affect the composition of output, but their role in explaining the movement of output is modest. Our results suggest that the focus of government policies should be to combat the problems of inefficient factor utilization and labor market rigidity.     

两税合并的要素收入份额影响研究

实证研究发现,基于合理的参数,两税合并的实施有利于降低劳动要素对企业所得税的实际负担率,无论是将房地产、租赁和商务服务业划入外商投资比例较高的部门还是外商投资比例较低的部门.在两种不同分类法下,劳动要素的企业所得税实际负担率比上年下降了0.36和0.33个百分点,降幅达到3.20%和2.56%.结束对外资的“超国民待遇”,促进了企业间的公平竞争,降低了内资的市场进入成本,有利于改善劳动要素在国民收入再分配过程中的地位     

Regional division of labor from agglomeration economies’ perspective: some evidence

This study aims at elaborating the evolving degree of completeness of outward investment of manufacturing and its consequence from the view of regional development since the People’s Republic of China opened her door to foreign direct investment. After two decades of Hong Kong’s progressive manufacturing cross-border processing of labor-intensive operations performed in the proximate Guangdong province, a regional division of labor has developed by taking advantages of the agglomeration economies of the Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta region.The analysis is conducted based on such a perspective using the 1998 data of a population of 2,441 electronics joint ventures in Guangdong. Findings suggested that firms’ location (density) distribution, via exploiting the agglomeration economies, followed a pattern well explained by a simple gravity model with Hong Kong as the main core. The existing Pearl River Delta cities and the associated cluster economies have also demonstrated attraction for foreign direct investment. Firm size and age effects were also investigated. The findings confirmed the economic contributions of electronics joint ventures, the small ones in particular, to the development of Guangdong and the Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta region. Some suggestions on regional policy coordination were initiated.     

广州港港口货物吞吐量与区域经济灰色关联度分析

港口物流和区域经济互相促进、共同发展。以广州港为例,把港口货物吞吐量作为衡量港口物流的主要指标,选取广州市的 GDP、一二三各产业产值、外贸进出口总额、固定资产投资6项指标代表区域经济,运用灰色关联度模型对广州市进行分析,得到广州市GDP、一二三各产业产值、外贸进出口总额、固定资产投资6项指标对港口物流影响的大小关系。     

FDI对我国电子工业生产率的行业内溢出效应研究——以1996—2001年43个细分行业为例

本文考察了外资对中国电子工业劳动生产率的影响。利用1996—2001年期间电子行业的9大部门和43个细分行业的面板数据,并按照无形资产比率、出口比率和国有资本比率对43个细分行业进行了分组检验,我们发现,1996—2001年期间中国电子工业的劳动生产率呈现明显的外商直接投资的溢出效应,并且在不同的行业呈现较大的波动。在无形资产比率高、出口比率高、国有资本比率高的行业,外资对劳动生产率的促进作用显著,而在国有资本比率低、技术含量低的行业,外资对劳动生产率的促进作用不显著。国有企业在促进劳动生产率提高方面具有积极作用,说明国营企业引进外资是一种长期有效的学习跨国公司经验的途径。而且,跨国公司通常被高生产率的电子行业所吸引,在这些行业溢出效应明显存在,但对于一些外资比率低的电子行业,这种正溢出效应不显著。

Abstract：

This paper examines the effect of foreign direct investment（FDI）on the labor productivity of China’s electronics industry. Using panel data of 9 major sectors and 43 sub-sectorsof the electronics industry during the period 1996—2001,and doing group test according to the ratio of intangible assets,the export ratio and the state-owned capital ratio of the 43 sub-sectors,we find that during 1996—2001,labor productivity of the Chinese electronics industry showed significant spillover effects of FDI and large fluctuations in different industries. In industries that have high intangible assets ratio,high export ratio and high state-owned capital ratio,FDI played a more significant role in promoting labor productivity than in industries that have low state—owned capital ratio and low technology contents. State-owned enterprises has a positive effect in promoting labor productivity,indicating that introducing foreign investment is an effective long term route to learn transnational corporations’ experience for state-owned enterprises. Moreover,transnational corporations are always attracted to higher productivity sub-sectors,implying significant spillover effects in these industries,while in sub-sectors with low rate of foreign invest-ment,the spillover effect is not significant.     

外资进入与技能溢价——兼论我国FDI技术外溢的偏向性

文章将外资影响技能溢价的主要途径区分为两类:其一为外资通过技术进步的偏向性影响技能劳动力的相对需求进而影响技能溢价,其二为外资通过影响技能劳动力的相对供给进而影响技能溢价.文章通过联立方程模型对这两种途径进行了计量检验,结果表明:外资的进入会通过偏向非技能劳动力技术外溢对我国技能劳动力相对需求产生显著负向作用,同时由于...     

Official Development Assistance and Foreign Direct Investment Flows to Sub‐Saharan Africa

Abstract: Foreign direct investment is believed to have a positive impact on the economies of the developing countries but its determinants are not yet fully established. This paper empirically investigates the relationship between official development assistances and foreign direct investment flows using panel data from 11 sub‐Saharan African countries for the period 1990–2003. The results show that bilateral official development assistance has a significant and positive influence on foreign direct investment flows. The results also show that trade openness, growth rate in the labor force, and exchange rates have a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment flows. But multilateral development assistance, the growth rate in GDP per capita, the country's composite risk level, and the index for political freedom and civil liberties do not have a statistically significant effect on foreign direct investment flows. The policy implication of the positive and significant influence of the bilateral official development assistance on foreign direct investment is that the recipient countries need to formulate policies that improve their economic relationships with the donor countries in order to attract greater foreign direct investment flows from the multilateral corporations located in these countries.     

Migration,FDI, and Welfare

We investigate migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) for a small trading economy. Historically, immigration in small countries has been accompanied by FDI inflows (complementary capital movements). Based on the skill composition of migrants, empirical evidence finds that skilled immigration is accompanied by FDI inflows but unskilled immigration is accompanied by FDI outflows (substitutable capital movements). We prove that the Heckscher-Ohlin model cannot reconcile these apparently contradictory observations. We introduce a theoretical model in which capital and unskilled labor are sector specific, and demonstrate that this model can reconcile the historical and empirical observations on migration and FDI.     

Transition from factor-driven to innovation-driven urbanization in China: A study of manufacturing industry automation in Dongguan City

Following the reform and opening up of China, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region became a center of foreign investment due to its comparative advantages of cheap labor costs and low land use prices. The tide of migrant workers, comprising a large surplus rural labor force that flooded into the PRD region, caused a rapid increase in the urban population. From the 1980s to the 2000s, migrant workers were a key force that drove urbanization in China. The utilization of automation technology in production since the 2010s has increased the number of unemployed laborers and shifted the dynamics of urbanization. This study investigated how automation is applied in production processes and its effects on different industries, namely, those related to textiles, electronic information, and home electrical appliance manufacturing; specifically we sought to examine the complex relationship among automation, the labor forces, and urbanization by illustrating the implementation of automation in production processes and its influence on labor forces and urbanization. This study revealed that companies in different industries implement automation to differing degrees and through varied upgrading paths. All industries can ultimately achieve technological transformation and cross-industry development. For labor forces, automation exerts two simultaneous folded effects, namely, the direct replacement of low- to middle-skilled workers and the creation of new jobs. The penetration of automation into manufacturing industries has changed the dynamics of urbanization and the social spatial structure of cities, leading to a polarization of the labor forces and the emergence of “dual cities”.     

The effects of factor proximity and market potential on urban manufacturing output

This paper derives a NEG-style model that outlines several spatial spillover channels and examines the effects of proximities to spatially distributed factor supply and market demand on Chinese urban economies. A panel dataset of 283 prefecture or higher-level cities from 2003–2013 is used for the empirical analysis. The estimation shows that proximities to government expenditure on science and technology, to professionals in science and technology, and to the domestic and foreign markets all contribute to urban manufacturing growth, while concentrations of specialized labor force and producer services in neighboring cities have negative effects. The spatial effects of factor proximities and market potentials differ in China's three regions. Surprisingly, cities in the central region have the most significant gain from spillovers of factor supply, and cities in the eastern and western regions benefit substantially from the domestic and foreign markets. Policy implications are derived from the findings.     

FDI Deregulation Versus Labor Market Reform: a Political Economy Approach

This paper studies the political economy of foreign direct investment (FDI) in interaction with labor market policies. It analyzes the setting of reform focused on deregulating labor markets as a political compromise pressured by the lobbying of an industry lobby and a trade union. Using a common agency model of lobbying, we show that the interest group’s influence is socially distortive towards less deregulation. Also, our political economy framework shows that, for large countries, exogenous FDI liberalization policies lead to deregulation in the labor market. For small countries, such policies enhance more labor market rigidities.     

Rebalancing in China: A taxation approach

The rebalancing of the Chinese economy is analyzed through a heterogeneous taxation of various types of firms. Based on a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model, the paper applies tax reforms to raise consumption, reduce some firms' overinvestment (overcapacities) and maintain a high level of welfare.To rebalance consumption and investment, taxation may allow reallocating a part of the labor force to firms that are not overinvesting (via business taxes and social security contributions). Moreover, the correction of distortions in production factor costs (capital and labor) is necessary during certain reforms applied in the model; that is, on the one hand, higher credit costs for firms that face soft budget constraints (via financial transactions taxes) and, on the other hand, a catch-up of foreign firms' wages by domestic firms (via social security contributions).These tax reforms bring welfare benefits to households and stabilize the welfare reaction to productivity shocks. Another interesting result is that in this framework, the rebalancing of the domestic demand in China does not require the readjustment of the external financial position. Indeed, the aggregate savings rate remains high and the supply of domestic assets is reduced.Finally, another model proposes a heterogeneous taxation of consumption across home and foreign goods to enhance consumption.     

Labor Quality and Inward FDI： A Firm-level Empirical Study in China

This paper investigates the relationship between labor quality and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) distribution in China using a large sample of Chinese cross‐sectional, firm‐level data, with comprehensive information about labor quality. The paper finds that labor quality measured by education level plays an important role in deciding the distribution of inward FDI, but labor quality measured by working certificates loses its significance using non‐parametric matching techniques and the instrumental variables and generalized method of moments technique. The author also finds that labor quality has a more significant impact on other foreign investments than Hong Kong‐invested, Macau‐invested and Taiwan‐invested firms. The impacts of labor quality on inward FDI are found to be strongly uneven across industries and provinces. Therefore, China should pay more attention to the education of employees in all foreign‐invested firms, and invest more in education to improve labor quality, which will help China to attract more FDI, especially technology‐intensive FDI.     

钻石模型中生产要素对我国汽车产业的影响

外资企业的技术优势给国内汽车生产企业带来了竞争压力,促使国内企业纷纷考虑加强研发能力。为此本文用波特的钻石模型作为理论依据,在现有研究的基础之上,加入实际的数据,运用向量误差修正vec模型来分析波特模型中提到的生产要素对我国汽车行业的影响。模型结果显示,工程技术人员占职工比例、专利数量两个变量对汽车行业劳动生产率的长期正向影响在加强,社会固定资产投资和汽车行业固定资产投资对汽车行业劳动生产率的短期效应大于长期效应,长期效应逐渐减弱。我国汽车行业要增强竞争力必须形成自己的专业技术体系,掌握核心技术。