规范市场价格行为

规范市场价格行为林积昌价格机制是市场经济运行机制的核心，而规范市场价格行为，则是建立和完善市场价格机制的关键。一、规范市场价格行为是建立市场价格机制的必然要求。ｌ、体制转变的必然。当前，价格体制正在进行全面的转变，一是定价主体转变，从以政府定价为主转...     

中国柑橘定价及其营销策略分析

改革开放以来，我国柑橘发展迅猛，国内市场早是供大于求，价格一降再降，生产者和营销者的利润空间极其狭小。少部分优质柑橘销售价格尚可维持相对高位，但大部分柑橘已无利可图，甚至亏损。本文应用一种新兴而简单的定价方法——价格敏感度（PSM）对中国柑橘消费者市场进行了研究，初步探讨了在价格基础上的柑橘市场细分和相关的营销筻略。     

企业转移定价与所得税关系探究

所谓转让价格,是指一个公司以不同实体交易价格进行关联方内部交易,以求在本行业内获得市场上的优势的行为。因市场优势可以通过降低原材料成本,获取、开发知识产权等无形资产来增强企业的生命力,近年来亚马逊、苹果、谷歌等大型跨国公司纷纷采用此措施进行税收筹划,转移定价行为作为避税手段多次引爆热点。本文选取2006～2020年台湾经济新报（TEJ）中国数据板块的部分数据库文件,以进行实证研究的方式探讨企业所得税与转移定价间的深层关系,得出转移定价行为与企业所得税间正相关的结果,在此基础上对上市公司和相关国内监察机构提出一些建议,提倡合理避税,推动国内经济稳步发展。     

财政部 国家计委 关于事业单位和社会团体有关收费管理问题的通知

各省、 自治区、直辖市、计划单列市财政厅（局）、物价局（计委）,新疆生产建设兵团财务局,国务院各部委、各直属机构：为规范事业单位和社会团体等非企业组织的技术咨询、技术服务和业务培训等收费行为,加强行政事业性收费票据管理,经研究,现就有关问题通知如下：一、事业单位和社会团体等非企业组织（不包括国家机关）按照自愿有偿原则提供下列服务,不属于政府行为,其收费应作为经营服务性收费由价格主管部门进行管理,收费标准除价格主管部门明确规定实行政府定价或政府指导价以外,均由有关事业单位和社会团体等非企业组织自主…     

中国大豆期货市场与国际大豆期货市场价格关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

本文采用向量自回归模型(VAR),通过协整检验、VECM估计、格兰杰因果关系检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解,对中国大豆期货市场与国际大豆期货市场价格关系进行了实证分析。结果表明,全球三大期货市场间存在着市场整合关系,在国际大豆期货价格形成中,美国大豆期货市场在全球大豆期货定价中处于主导地位,中国和日本对全球大豆期货价格形成的影响有限。我国大豆进口价格受制于人,对于定价缺乏“话语权”。     

动态与信息

七种涉农价格和收费行为被确定为违法行为 国家计委近期确定七种涉农价格和收费行为属违法行为，并把它们列为下半年整顿的重点对象。这七种价格和收费行为分别是：──市（地，包括计划单列市和副省级城市）、县、乡（镇）各级人民政府及有关部门制定的国家行政机关收费标准，     

谈谈粮食双轨价格的弊端

粮食双轨价格即在粮食收购中，国家定购部分实行合同定购价格，其余部分实行市场调节价；在粮食销售中，城镇居民的基本口粮实行政府定价，其余部分实行议价经营。在粮食价格形成中引入市场机制，在一定程度上促进了粮食生产，活跃了粮食流通。但随着粮食经营市场化的加速，带着很深计划经济体制烙印的粮食双轨价格已不能适应社会主义市场经济发展的要求，它本身具有不可克服的弊端：（一）双轨制价格加剧粮食市场价格的波动。在粮食双轨价格运行的情况下，国家定价与市场价格的相互影响成为粮食市场价格波动的重要原因之一。一方面粮食定购…     

转移定价、倾销和最优关税

简单贸易模型的一个假设是市场是完全竞争的，贸易的基本决定因素来自于比较优势理论。但是，现实中的市场很少有完全竞争的，其中一种情况就是不完全竞争的企业在不同的市场上对其产品定价不同，这就是通常所说的“价格歧视”。当产品的出口价格低于国内边际成本时，就产生了倾销。本文介绍了一个基本的理论框架用于检验这种假设。然而，所谓的倾销可能只是“转移定价”的一种特殊形式，是跨国集团内的关联企业为了确保集团利润最大化的一种营利方式。论文运用一个金融模型，分析表明那些久经世故的公司是如何利用复杂的海外金融系统，通过高于边际成本的转移定价来增加关联企业的税后利润。论文还证明了批发市场水平上的倾销是一种金融现象，同样和转移定价有关，但却与进口国的竞争条件不相关。在所得结论的基础上，我们还讨论了如何使用“最优关税”规则消除对进口国实行转移定价的积极性，同时消除零售价格水平的倾销。     

国际大米价格波动对国内大米价格的传递效应研究

［目的］国际粮食价格波动会对国内粮食价格产生影响，其影响程度和途径一直是农产品价格领域的研究热点。［方法］基于2002年1月至2017年6月的月度数据，运用Johansen协整检验和向量误差修正模型检验了国际大米价格与国内大米价格的长期均衡与短期输入关系，在考虑国内大米价格形成机制的基础上分析了国际大米价格的影响程度，并进一步检验了大米与其他粮食品种价格间的整合关系。［结果］（1）国内大米价格与国际大米价格保持长期均衡关系，短期内国内大米价格对国际大米价格波动的弹性为00226。（2）国际大米价格对国内大米价格具有显著的影响，在控制其他变量不变的前提下，国际大米价格每上涨1%，国内大米价格会上升约01%。（3）Johansen协整检验表明大米会与其他粮食品种价格保持长期整合关系，国际大米价格上涨可能会通过间接渠道传递至国内大米市场。［结论］因此不仅需要关注国际大米价格对国内大米价格的影响，还需要关注其他粮食品种对大米价格的影响。     

荒地资源持续利用研究

荒地资源的持续利用应该考虑采用不同于传统资源开发的模式与思路：指出荒地资源开发中自然生态环境的退化是开发中遇到的最大的问题;对荒地资源开发中这些问题的出现进行了经济学分析．指出需求拉动、市场缺乏、价格扭曲、外部性未内化、产权不明晰及缺乏认识和短视行为等因素是荒地资源配置效率低下．引发生态环境退化的重要原因;对荒地资源价格进行估算．依据边际社会成本（MSC）定价法．指出荒地资源价格包括边际私人成本和边际环境成本两部分．并分别对剩余法、替代成本法和贴现率的选择进行了探讨．指出贴现率选择对于生态环境退化是至关重要的．提出了荒地资源持续利用的思路与模式。     

Managing economic risk in value-based marketing of fed cattle

This research investigates optimal price risk management strategies for fed cattle producers engaged in grid pricing. Stochastic simulation is used to determine optimal hedge ratios for fed cattle priced on a live weight basis or on a series of grids that vary in terms of premium/discount structure as well as base price. Results indicate that the optimal hedging strategy is greatly affected by the base price used in a particular grid. This has significant implications for pricing efficiency in the cattle market. Base prices that are linked more closely with downstream markets offer the potential to improve pricing efficiency; however, the risk associated with these prices is difficult to manage effectively with existing futures instruments.     

The Competitive Implications of Top-of-the-Market and Related Contract-Pricing Clauses

This article examines the competitive implications of contract pricing arrangements, which link the contract price to the subsequent cash price. We focus on so-called "top-of-the-market pricing" (TOMP) in cattle procurement. The TOMP clause is shown to have anticompetitive consequences when the same buyers who purchase contract cattle with the TOMP clause also compete to procure cattle in the subsequent spot market. The TOMP clause reduces packers' incentives to compete aggressively in the spot market. Although TOMP pricing is not in producers' collective interest, rational sellers may nonetheless sign these contracts with little or no financial inducement.     

Price Discrimination in the Context of Vertical Differentiation: An Application to Canadian Wheat Exports

The ability of the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) to price discriminate in wheat exports is examined. The conceptual model shows that the CWB's ability to exploit cost differences in pricing depends on the extent of differentiation between Canadian and U.S. wheat. This model is implemented using monthly confidential price data for exports to four markets from 1982 to 1994. The empirical results support the conclusions that (1) the CWB has market power emerging from product differentiation, (2) the CWB price discriminates across export markets, and (3) Alchian–Allen effects are important in pricing in markets valuing quality such as Japan and the United Kingdom.     

Could packers manipulate spot markets by tying contracts to futures prices? And do they?

Some producers, policy makers, and researchers claim that packers influence cash prices through contracts tied to futures prices. This paper provides a theoretical and empirical study on the price effects of contract-pricing terms linked to futures price and the related formula pricing terms linked to a cash price. We show that contract-pricing terms tied to a cattle futures price can theoretically be used to reduce the cash price. Furthermore, the model demonstrates that such tied-to-a-futures-price contract-pricing clauses and the related tied-to-a-cash-price formula pricing clauses can be substitutable tools for packers to depress the cash cattle price. Nevertheless, although empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model they show that while such manipulations may occur, their market power impact appears quite small.     

Measuring price discovery between nearby and deferred contracts in storable and nonstorable commodity futures markets

Using price discovery measures, including Putniņš’ (2013) information leadership share and intraday data, we quantify the proportional contribution of nearby and deferred contracts in price discovery in the corn and live cattle futures markets. On average, nearby contracts reflect information more quickly than deferred contracts in the corn market, but have a relatively less dominant role in the live cattle market. In both markets, the nearby contract loses dominance when its relative volume share dips below 50%, which typically occurs when the nearby is close to maturity. Regression results indicate that the share of price discovery is mainly related to trading volume and time to expiration in both markets. In the corn market, price discovery share between nearby and deferred contracts is also related to inverse carrying charges, crop year differences, USDA announcements, market crashes, and commodity index position rolls. Differences between corn and live cattle markets are consistent with differences in the contracts’ liquidity and commodity storability.     

Dynamic relationships between US and Thai rice prices

Relationships between the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) estimated World Market Price, the Thai milled rice price, US transportation-adjusted cash rough rice price, and the Chicago Rice and Cotton Exchange rough rice futures price are examined for the 1987–1991 marketing years. Specifically, a cointegration analysis is used to address the pricing and informational efficiency of the respective markets. Testing indicates the system is described by two cointegrating vectors. The analysis preformed herein provides insight into the pricing performance of several world rice markets.     

Spatial price premium transmission for Meat Standards Australia‐graded cattle: the vulnerability of price premiums to outside shocks

Studies of market integration show that price changes are transmitted spatially through arbitrage. Transmission across differentiated agricultural products is important to investigate, but it has not been explored given its complexities for assessment. Using data from Australian cattle markets, we examine the dynamics of Meat Standards Australia price premium transmission between states. An impulse response function analysis using Bayesian vector autoregression with sign restriction identification shows that shocks to prices and price premiums are partially transmitted contemporaneously between markets and it takes several weeks to complete transmission. In addition, we find an asymmetry of price and price premium shocks originating in Southern Queensland that have an inverse immediate impact in New South Wales, and take months to transmit the usual price response. This outcome may be explained by differences in cattle availability in each state, which can be related to forage availability due to weather conditions. Based on these results, producers can forecast fluctuations on price premiums and adjust their cattle supply accordingly.     

Intra-annual sheep price patterns and factors underlying price variations in the central highlands of Ethiopia

A sheep market survey was undertaken to determine the effects of certain animal and market characteristics on price and the pattern of sheep prices in relation to seasons. Nine key Ethiopian central highlands markets were surveyed for a period of one year in 1989. Each market was surveyed once a week on the main market day. Price, weight, sex, age, colour, condition score, breed type and buyer's purpose were recorded for all completed transactions as well as the numbers offered and sold on each market day. A total of 50062 cases were recorded. Three markets, each representing redistributive, intermediate and terminal markets, as identified by the distribution in buyer's purpose were chosen for further analysis. Considerable weekly price variation was evident in these markets. Prices were also seasonal with higher premiums paid during some religious festivals. Animal characteristics (weight, age, condition, sex, colour) as well as buyer's purpose and seasons were variably important in explaining variation in price among animals within weeks. Variations in the composition of these characteristics from week-to-wcek were among factors underlying changes in weekly mean prices. R² varied from 0.2659 to 0.3583 in the quadratic price per kg model and from 0.7822 to 0.8413 in the quadratic price per head model in the three markets. However, it was found that price per head was predicted equally well overall by estimated price per kg multiplied by actual weights and that because of wide variation in weights, both within and between weeks, price per kg is more useful market information.     

Price predictors in an extended hedonic regression framework: An application to wholesale cattle markets in Ethiopia

Livestock markets influence income generation for producers, but also accessibility and affordability of highly nutritious animal-sourced foods for consumers. Despite their importance, the functioning of livestock markets in lower-income countries is poorly understood and rarely studied compared to more developed countries. This study analyzes wholesale cattle markets in Ethiopia using a uniquely rich large-scale dataset covering both prices and cattle characteristics in 39 markets (in both highland and lowland areas) over a 10-year period, and hedonic regression models structured to understand both cattle price formation and seasonal and secular price dynamics. We show that cattle prices are influenced by a wide range of factors, including proxies for meat quality, religious fasting practices, climate-based seasonality but also climate shocks and availability of grazing land, competition from animal traction services, and rising consumer incomes. However, the implied effects of these factors are often significantly different in highland mixed crop-livestock areas compared to agro-pastoralist lowland areas, emphasizing the dualistic nature of cattle markets in Ethiopia. The analyses help inform the systemic challenges that Ethiopia will need to overcome to meet rising demand for beef products in the face of sustained income and population growth, as well as the adverse effects of climate change.     

Pricing to Market Behavior by Canadian and U.S. Agri-food Exporters: Evidence from Wheat, Pulse and Apples

A fixed-effects model to control for time variation in marginal costs is employed to pinpoint evidence of price discriminatory behavior of Canadian and U.S. exporters of agri-food products. We test for evidence of pricing to market behavior and whether price discrimination or commodity/country characteristics may provide a plausible explanation. A distinguishing feature of our approach is to examine the time-series properties of the data by the conventional augmented Dickey-Fuller and recently developed panel unit root test. The panel data set employed in this paper consists of annual exchange rates and export prices for three agri-food products (wheat, pulse and apples) exported by Canada and the U.S. in foreign markets during 1980–98. Our fixed-effects model suggests that U.S. exporters are sensitive to exchange rate changes, while Canadian exporters in most cases raised price markups in response to a depreciated currency in overseas markets. The results highlight the differences in pricing policy that both countries employ to merchandise agri-food products in export markets.