民族地区绿色减贫绩效研究*——以大小凉山彝区为例

[目的]基于四川省及各市州统计年鉴数据,对大小凉山彝区的绿色减贫绩效进行评估,以期为我国民族地区精准扶贫精准脱贫政策的制定和实施提供借鉴。[方法]文章通过对绿色减贫的双向作用机理进行分析,基于经合组织绿色增长测度指标体系和中国绿色减贫指数指标体系,确定绿色减贫绩效的4项指数18个指标,构建民族地区绿色减贫指标评价体系,对大小凉山彝区的绿色减贫绩效进行定量评价。4项主要指标包括绿色经济增长指数、环境保护与资源利用指数、社会发展指数和扶贫开发减贫指数。[结果]大小凉山彝区各县的绿色减贫指数均显著低于全省平均水平,其中,越西县和美姑县的绿色减贫指数最低,均小于0. 1;盐源县最高,两年均高于0. 35;该片区的环境保护与资源利用绩效高于全省平均水平;大小凉山彝区绿色减贫指数空间上差异明显,呈片区外围地区优于中部地区的特点;大凉山与小凉山绿色减贫绩效差距悬殊,小凉山彝区的绿色减贫绩效高于大凉山彝区。[结论]深度贫困地区要摆脱贫困陷阱,必须处理好绿色发展与脱贫攻坚之间的关系,大小凉山彝区应加快经济社会发展进程,加大脱贫攻坚投入,摆脱贫困陷阱;以大小凉山彝区为代表的我国深度贫困地区的绿色减贫水平提升潜力很大,绿色减贫是其提高脱贫质量实现稳定性脱贫的重要路径;绿色减贫能有助于精准脱贫攻坚战与污染防治攻坚战同步推进。     

乌蒙山会泽片区旅游扶贫效应及提升研究

[目的]乌蒙山会泽片区属于连片集中特困地区,文章分析其旅游扶贫效应,以期为其他贫困地区的旅游扶贫开发提供参考和借鉴,对于丰富和发展区域扶贫理论具有重要的指导意义。[方法]该文采取文献分析、实地调研、建立片区农民人均纯收入与片区游客人均消费的计量经济学模型,对乌蒙山会泽片区客源人次、综合收入、游客人均消费、农民人均收入进行分析。[结果]农民人均纯收入与游客人均消费呈现高相关关系;乌蒙山会泽片区无论是旅游人次还是综合收入占曲靖市的比重不高。[结论]乌蒙山会泽片区旅游扶贫带动农民收入的经济效应呈现逐年持续增加的态势,但乌蒙山会泽片区旅游扶贫的经济效应总体不是很高,还有进一步提升的空间,应利用丰富的自然生态资源与深厚的历史文化资源,加快现有旅游景区转型升级步伐、依托旅游培育增收产业、提升群众参与度、加大宣传推介提高片区知名度,将吸引更多的游客前来观光、休闲、康体养生,带动旅游相关产业的发展,旅游扶贫的经济效应将会得到进一步提升。     

云南乌蒙山片区农业产业化扶贫绩效探析

文章通过对云南省乌蒙山片区农业产业化扶贫的调查,认为云南省乌蒙山片区各县(市、区)依托区域农业资源的比较优势,初步形成了高原农业产业集群,农业经济效益迅速提高,农民收入迅速增加,贫困人口迅速减少、为实现乌蒙山片区农业经济的跨越式发展奠定了比较坚实的基础。但同时发现云南省乌蒙山片区在产业化扶贫进程中仍然存在农业生产总值比重高、农产品特色不鲜明、竞争力不强、农民的自我发展能力弱等问题。并针对问题提出进一步加大乌蒙山片区农业产业化扶贫力度、增强农民的自我发展能力、培育片区农产品品牌,全面提高农产品的市场竞争力,培育龙头企业,全面提高特色农业产业扶贫的绩效,确保2020年实现完全脱贫,形成具有片区特色的跨越式发展道路等举措,以期丰富和发展扶贫理论和区域经济发展理论。     

林区扶贫绩效评价:来自赣州市15个林业县的实证研究

为了厘清现有的扶贫政策对林区的减贫效果,探索扶贫政策在林区贫困县与非贫困县实施的效果差异,利用2008~2014年赣南林区15个林业县的面板数据,首先通过描述性统计分析的方法,比较了林区贫困县和非贫困县在人均GDP和农村居民人均纯收入两方面的差异变化,再利用方差分析法和计量回归模型,探究影响林区贫困县和非贫困县在人均GDP和农村居民人均纯收入上存在差异的显著因素。结果表明:在2008~2014年期间,赣州林区贫困县的人均GDP增长量仅为非贫困县的60.73%,造成差异的主要影响因素是人均固定资产投资额和人均消费额;贫困县的农村居民人均纯收入增长量为非贫困县的126.85%,造成差异的主要影响因素是农村人均固定资产投资额和农村从业人员数。政府扶贫工作对林区贫困县农户减贫效果比较明显,但贫困县和非贫困县之间的经济发展差距仍然很大,政府应提高对贫困县的固定资产投资水平,引导贫困县居民转变消费观念、促进地方消费。     

基于旅游资源的农村反贫困空间分布格局研究

[目的]通过研究云南省乌蒙山片区农村反贫困旅游资源的分布情况,分析其空间布局和影响因素,为云南省农村反贫困工作提供理论依据。[方法]文章以云南省乌蒙山片区内15个贫困县为研究对象,采用最近邻指数模型、集中度模型和分布密度模型等方法分析该片区农村反贫困旅游资源的空间分布。[结果]结构类型分析结果表明该片区内旅游类型较为丰富,但旅游扶贫重点村的数目很少,旅游反贫困还处在初级阶段。空间分布类型分析结果从整体上看接近随机分布,但是自然保护区类和乡村旅游示范点呈凝聚型分布。空间均衡度的分析结果表明旅游资源整体分布较集中,具有资源集聚的优势。通过空间分布密度分析,发现该片区北部和西南部的资源分布密度大,密度最大的区域为绥江县和武定县。[结论]云南省乌蒙山片区农村反贫困旅游资源空间分布不均,但具有集聚的优势,应该积极利用资源优势和地理条件,在政策引导下丰富旅游资源的类型,加强各区域之间资源的共享,实现农村反贫困旅游资源在空间格局中的优化。     

海南省乡村旅游扶贫绩效及实证研究

[目的]通过研究乡村旅游扶贫绩效,试图找到促进海南省农民乡村旅游增收的未来发展方向。[方法]文章采用综合分析法对海南省乡村旅游扶贫概况及扶贫路径选择,对其扶贫绩效以琼中县什寒村为实证,对什寒村乡村旅游扶贫农民增收情况进行深入分析。并由此提出海南乡村旅游扶贫促进农民增收的对策建议:创新乡村旅游扶贫开发模式;提高农民参与乡村旅游扶贫开发的能力;完善乡村旅游扶贫开发的利益分配机制;完善乡村旅游产品开发与宣传。[结果]什寒村旅游收入呈现逐年增长的趋势,尤其是2014年以来,增长幅度非常显著,2015年旅游收入比2014增长了6.4倍。什寒村自2012年接待游客以来,实现旅游收入从20万元增加到2015年的726.46万元,旅游收入增长了36.3倍。[结论]海南乡村旅游收入逐年增加,农民人均收入每年以15%的速度增长,进一步表明海南乡村旅游和农民增收之间存在显著关系。     

甘南藏族自治州县域视角多维贫困测算

本文通过甘南藏族自治州七个县2013-2017年统计年鉴数据,得到甘南藏族自治州各县多维贫困指数,基于各县多维贫困指数在时间上以及空间上的变化分析,构建多维贫困指数评价指标体系,使用熵权法确定各指标权重、然后通过Kriging空间插值法对甘南州各县的多维贫困指数进行空间差异分析,各县多维贫困指数呈增长趋势,教育、医疗、社会福利等维度对多维贫困贡献度较低,第一产业产值、地区生产总值对多维贫困贡献度较高。基于此,并提出以下政策建议:摒弃以往单一维度的贫困瞄准机制,保证精准扶贫;基于多维贫困特征,精准扶贫;建立多维贫困评估机制。     

集中连片特困地区扶贫产业发展的规模特征及其经济效率评价——以武陵山片区恩施自治州为例

[目的]在扶贫开发战略中成长起来的特色产业已经成为贫困地区经济发展和农民脱贫致富的支柱产业,特色产业的规模和经济效率直接决定着贫困地区脱贫致富能力。[方法]文章以茶叶、蔬菜代表武陵山片区湖北省恩施自治州扶贫产业,利用集中度指数、扩张弹性系数、单位面积的产值能力和产量能力以及单位产量的产值能力等指标进行扶贫产业发展的规模特征及其经济效率评价。[结果]“十一五”期间以来武陵山片区扶贫产业发展的产业地位逐渐提高、规模扩张优势显著、规模收益递增、投入规模扩张率高于产出规模扩张率、资源配置效率不断提高,比较经济效率差距持续扩大。[结论]扶贫产业亟待根据产业发展的生态化、集聚化和融合化等趋势,在规模扩张中强化特色产品的品质建设和效率优势品种生产专业化程度、提高生产技术水平以及完善产业化组织及其能力建设,提高扶贫产业的经济效率和致富能力。     

特困地区农发行如何找准信贷扶贫着力点

贵州省铜仁市辖8县2区,总人口430万人,10个区县均属于国家级贫困县,纳入《武陵山片区区域发展与扶贫攻坚规划(2011-2020年)》(以下简称《扶贫规划》)。笔者根据国务院《中国扶贫开发纲要(2011-2020年)》(以下简称《扶贫纲要》)、《扶贫规划》等政策,结合铜仁市的经济社会发展状况和农发行信贷扶贫政策,就集中连片特困地区农发行找准信贷扶贫着力点,推动农发行信贷业务可持续发展进行了思考。     

精准扶贫与土地利用区划创新融合的实证研究

[目的]土地利用区划研究不仅对土地资源可持续利用有重要作用,也是扶贫开发的重要抓手。文章试图探索如何将扶贫因素纳入土地利用区划标准,实现扶贫开发与土地利用区划的创新融合,并选取云南省芒市这一典型贫困地区进行实证研究。[方法]运用文献综述法分析二者融合的内在机制;综合分析法和分区单元归并法进行综合分区;演绎法划分实施扶贫开发战略的土地利用保障区;空间迭置法构建芒市土地资源利用与扶贫开发统筹协调发展的措施体系。[结果]最后将芒市划分为4个土地利用区,即:Ⅰ东北部低山盆地区,Ⅱ东南部中低山河谷区,Ⅲ西南部低山盆地区和Ⅳ西北部中低山地区4个土地利用区域。[结论]理论探讨精准扶贫与土地利用区划的创新融合,为精准扶贫提供了新的切入点;通过实证研究,尝试提出各综合区精准扶贫与土地资源利用统筹协调发展的措施体系,对芒市乃至类似地区土地扶贫开发利用具有一定的理论价值和现实意义。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.