盈余管理与财务舞弊关系的演变与动态拓展

围绕盈余管理和财务舞弊这一对相互联系又彼此区别的概念,以2003-2012年我国深沪两市被证券监管部门处罚的财务舞弊公司及其配对公司为样本,实证检验了盈余管理与财务舞弊的关联性。结果发现:舞弊当年盈余管理程度与财务舞弊可能性呈现微弱的正相关;公司以前年度盈余管理程度越大,当期发生财务舞弊的可能性越大;随着时间的推移,盈余管理向财务舞弊逐步演变。进一步综合主客观影响因素,将制度约束、环境变化、心理与行为等因素引入盈余管理与财务舞弊演变的理论框架,通过进一步检验,动态揭示了盈余管理演变为财务舞弊的三种机制,并结合舞弊动因GONE理论,构建了盈余管理与财务舞弊关系演变的理论模型。     

有关会计准则执行的三大问题研究述评

本文以已有文献为基础,对会计准则执行过程中的会计政策选择、盈余管理和财务舞弊三大问题的研究现状进行了分析,并指出了今后会计准则执行相关问题的研究方向。     

新会计准则对企业盈余管理的影响

盈余管理是会计界研究的焦点问题，普遍认为盈余管理与会计准则密切相关，2007年开始实施的新会计准则在计量属性、会计政策和会计方法等的选择上作了较大修改。为了探析这些变动对上市公司盈余管理的影响，本文对此作了详细的分析和论述。     

激进会计行为经验研究:回顾与展望

激进会计行为在我国表现为财务舞弊和重大会计差错更正,近年来重大会计差错和财务舞弊的发生率越来越高,其对盈余和财务报告质量的影响引起了国内外学术界和监管部门的关注。本文通过对国外以及国内研究的回顾,发现我国在激进会计行为研究上的不足,并指出了以后的研究方向。     

我国上市公司盈余管理

在西方，盈余管理的定义有广义和狭义之分。美国会计学者斯考特在其《财务会计理论》一书中认为，盈余管理是会计政策的选择具有经济后果的一种具体体现。他认为只要企业的管理人员有选择不同会计政策的自由，他们必定会选择使其效用最大化或使企业市场价值最大化的会计政策，这就称为盈余管理，作者所指的盈余管理是一种狭义的概念，即企业管理人员对会计盈余或者说利润的控制。而另一美国著名会计学者凯瑟琳&;#183;雪珀的盈余管理概念是一种广义上的“披露管理”的概念，即企业管理人员为了获得私人利益，而有意地对对外财务报告进行控制，此定义是建立在会计数字是一种有用的信息基础之上的。     

企业会计政策选择与盈余管理研究

本文基于会计政策、盈余管理的概念,通过分析盈余管理与会计政策之间的相关性,提出考虑到会计的真实性、可靠性,以及最大限度实现资源的有效配置,需要加强治理盈余管理。此外,还针对具体问题尝试性建立系统的盈余管理治理体系。从而合理联系会计政策选择和盈余管理,为企业利益的最大化提供参考意义。     

浅析盈余管理动机下上市公司会计政策的选择

会计政策选择是影响企业财务信息质量的一个重要方面,会计政策选择贯穿于确认、计量、记录到报告的会计全过程.上市公司中盈余管理和会计政策选择是密不可分的,二者交相呼应、共同作用,这为公司的资源优化起着重要的作用.本文阐述了盈余管理与上市公司的关系,并详细分析了在不同的盈余管理动机下上市公司对会计政策的选择,最后提出了采取恰当的措施来应对盈余管理动机下上市公司会计政策的选择.     

上市公司内部治理结构与盈余管理关系研究

盈余管理是指企业为了达到某一特定的管理目标而对会计政策的选择。盈余管理行为对企业是一把双刃剑,运用不当会严重损害会计信息使用者的利益,实适度的盈余管理对企业有利。管理当局可以运用会计政策的选择使得财务报告拥有更多的信息含量,以便更好的向会计信息的使用者传达公司当前和潜在的财务信息,消除会计信息系统自身所无法克服的弊病。本文从盈余管理的理论出发,阐述了上市公司内部治理结构与盈余管理关系研究,探讨了消除企业不当盈余管理行为。以期为盈余管理研究提供参考。     

盈余管理、现金流管理、创造性会计及相关概念

本文对盈余管理、现金流量管理及创造性会计的概念进行了解析,并以盈余管理概念为核心,比较了相关术语之间的区别与联系。     

盈余管理、现金流管理、创造性会计及相关概念

本文对盈余管理、现金流量管理及创造性会计的概念进行了解析,并以盈余管理概念为核心,比较了相关术语之间的区别与联系.     

International Differences in GAAP and the Pricing of Earnings

This study investigates the information content of two alternative accounting earnings measures constructed under U.K. and U.S. GAAP. The analysis is based on the 20-F SEC filings by U.K. domiciled companies having ADRs listed in the U.S. The research design involves testing the association between U.K. stock returns and alternative accounting numbers. The evidence suggests that, for the sample examined, U.K. GAAP earnings changes have incremental information content after controlling for U.S. GAAP earnings changes, but that earnings levels measured under U.S. GAAP have some independent incremental information content after controlling for U.K. GAAP earnings. The results are consistent with GAAP adjustments having a significant transitory component. The empirical results display explanatory power which is broadly consistent with previous work and the GAAP earnings adjustments add marginally to the ability of earnings to explain returns.     

CEO Pay Contracts and IFRS Reconciliations

Abstract

We examine whether UK managers exploit the discretion provided in the UK GAAP to IFRS reconciliation process to manage earnings and whether this earnings management is associated with the structure of the managers' compensation contracts. We use a comprehensive data set of mainly hand-collected information from the firms' annual reports to provide evidence that, given the existence of an accounting-related vesting target in their pay schemes, CEOs use UK GAAP to IFRS reconciliations as an earnings management tool. We test our hypotheses under a number of different specifications, including a propensity score matching analysis. Our study contributes to the literature on the relation between earnings management and contractual incentives by focusing on a major structural change in accounting policies.     

非效率性盈余管理及其治理

文章根据盈余管理对市场资源配置的影响，将其划分为效率性盈余管理和非效率性盈余管理。效率性盈余管理会促进资源的有效配置，而非效率性盈余管理会误导投资者的决策行为，扭曲资源配置，甚至诱发会计舞弊，其本质上是一种寻租行为，因此，有关当局应当采取相应措施予以治理。     

The Role of Institutional and Economic Factors in the Strategic Use of Non-GAAP Disclosures to Beat Earnings Benchmarks

Abstract

We use hand-collected data for a sample of large European firms to investigate the influence of countries’ institutional and economic factors on managers’ non-generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) disclosures. We find that managers are more likely to use non-GAAP measures to meet or beat earnings benchmarks that GAAP earnings would miss in countries with efficient law and enforcement, strong investor protection, developed financial markets, and good communication and dissemination of information. We also find that managers in countries with developed institutional and economic conditions are more likely to adjust non-GAAP earnings for recurring expenses such as R&D, depreciation, and stock-based compensation expenses. Our findings suggest that in environments in which there is more pressure to achieve earnings benchmarks and less opportunity to manipulate GAAP earnings, managers use more non-GAAP earnings disclosures to meet the benchmarks.     

对一般公认会计原则与国际财务报告准则趋同的研究

基于在美国上市的外国公司披露的由国际财务报告准则(IFRS)向一般公认会计原则(GAAP)调整的财务数据资料,通过单样本均值检验和回归分析对美国GAAP与IFRS之间的差异进行的实证研究,结果表明,按照IFRS和美国GAAP核算的净利润存在显著的差异,造成这种差异的原因主要是IFRS和GAAP在企业合并、无形资产、借款费用的资本化、金融工具、收入确认、养老金和退休后福利、税收、不动产等方面的会计处理不同。     

Capital market reactions to earnings announcements: empirical evidence on the difference in the information content of IAS-based earnings and EC-Directives-based earnings

Listing on a foreign stock exchange and the aim to attract international investors usually forces European quoted companies to adapt information supplied in financial statements to different information needs of international investors. Because of the dominance of the American stock market, this adaptation raises especially the question whether Anglo-American-oriented accounting standards (for instance IAS — International Accounting Standards) convey a higher information content for investors than continental-Europe-oriented accounting standards (for instance EC-Directives). The study examines the information content of earnings announcements, i.e. abnormal returns resulting from un-expected earnings, for a sample of Swiss quoted companies which have changed the accounting standard used for presenting Swiss GAAP consolidated financial statements to either EC-Directives or IAS and can therefore contribute to this discussion. The results of the study suggest that IAS-based earnings announce-ments convey a statistically significant higher information content than earnings announcements based on the Swiss GAAP if a variance-approach is used. For investors in the Swiss capital market, the switch from Swiss GAAP to IAS has therefore increased the information content of financial statements. But comparing IAS-based and EC-Directives-based earnings announcements, the results suggest that for investors IAS-based earnings do not possess a statistically significant higher information content than EC-Directives-based earnings. This result has been achieved despite the fact that for Swiss financial analysts financial statements based on IAS convey a significant higher information content than financial statements based on EC-Directives. Avoiding problems in specifying a model for unexpected earnings by standardizing the mean of the abnormal returns of each event window to a positive value does not lead to a different conclusion if the variance approach is used.     

Accounting and the Truth of Earnings Reports: Philosophical Considerations

This paper investigates the philosophical nature of accounting reports of earnings. Standard setters' authoritative pronouncements (conceptual frameworks, GAAP, EITFs, etc.) hold to the realist philosophical view that true earnings reports are ex post representations of some ex ante out-there, preexisting, extra-linguistic real economic increase in the enterprise's wealth. Contra this view, in practice financial accounting executives, in league with investment analysts, routinely engage in earnings management and manipulation in order to satisfy the capital market's insatiable demands for earnings levels which will support and enhance the enterprise's stock market price. The paper considers this state of affairs from Harold Frankfurt's truth, lies and ‘bullshit’ treatise (2005, 2006). It sees earnings reports as ‘short of lies’, and so the accountants can only be faulted for their indifference to the truth and for giving the impression that they are trying to present the truth. A poststructuralist philosophical perspective, however, problematizes this conclusion on the basis that accounting language is not a transparent medium but rather is the material used to manufacture accounting ‘truths’. It sees accounting ‘truths’ as contingent upon linguistic doctrinal accounting discourses currently ceded place of privilege by standard setters and upon the subjective considerations of accountants when they produce reports of earnings. The paper concludes that both Frankfurt's perspective and that of poststructuralist philosophers can provide valuable insights into this ironic state of affairs.     

Accounting earnings and firm valuation: the French case

Considering that the level of the association between stock returns and accounting earnings provides a measure of the extent to which earnings summarize the information which is useful for firm valuation, this paper analyses the contemporaneous association between stock returns and earnings changes or earnings level of individual French stocks and portfolios for periods of one, two and five years between 1981 and 1990. The empirical findings are as follows. (a) Stock returns are more linked to earnings changes than to earnings levels indicating that earnings provide more information about changes in firm value than about firm value. (b) Earnings prepared in accordance with the French accounting principles are not less value-relevant than those prepared in accordance with US or UK GAAP. (c) A cross-sectionally and time-aggregated data procedure provides a large increase in the explanatory power of earnings for returns which is consistent with a noise-in-earnings effect probably induced by accounting measurement and valuation principles and with a recognition lag effect due to the fact that value-relevant events are not integrated into earnings exactly when they occur. These two effects are shown to be the major causes of the low association between earnings and returns generally observed in studies based on short period data for individual stocks.     

Accounting for financial instruments in the banking industry: conclusions from a simulation model

The paper analyses the effects of three sets of accounting rules for financial instruments – Old IAS before IAS 39 became effective, Current IAS or US GAAP, and the Full Fair Value (FFV) model proposed by the Joint Working Group (JWG) – on the financial statements of banks. We develop a simulation model that captures the essential characteristics of a modern universal bank with investment banking and commercial banking activities. We run simulations for different strategies (fully hedged, partially hedged) using historical data from periods with rising and falling interest rates.

We show that under Old IAS a fully hedged bank can portray its zero economic earnings in its financial statements. As Old IAS offer much discretion, this bank may also present income that is either positive or negative. We further show that because of the restrictive hedge accounting rules, banks cannot adequately portray their best-practice risk management activities under Current IAS or US GAAP. We demonstrate that – contrary to assertions from the banking industry – mandatory FFV accounting adequately reflects the economics of banking activities.

Our detailed analysis identifies, in addition, several critical issues of the accounting models that have not been covered in previous literature.