科斯定理解决环境负代际外部性局限分析

当代人在按照自己意愿利用和选择环境资源方式组合时容易给后代人带来不利的影响，即产生负代际外部性。科斯定理在特定假设前提下提出通过界定产权的方法来解决外部性，但恰恰正是这些假设条件导致其解决生态环境负代际外部性问题上的失效。因此，代际负外部性的解决还需要经济学理论新的变革。     

论环境资源负外部性与混合产权机制

从产权的角度看,与环境资源有关的外部性内部化的关键是实现环境资源产权的界定和排他性的使用.论文从环境资源的产权特征出发,认为适合环境资源的产权运行机制是由私人产权和共有产权有机构成的均衡性混合产权结构.由于环境资源的产权不可能完全地被界定,所以排他性的市场交易不可能在完整的产权约束中实现,那么在混合产权机制的框架下,由产权限制、产权分割、创建新产权和认知产权调整来实现环境资源的排他性使用成为实现负外部性内部化的有效制度安排.     

内部性·外部性·政府规制

市场是在各种或隐或现的规则里发挥其功能。由于市场交易中的信息不对称性、不确定性等,往往会使交易者出现逆向选择与败德行为,导致内部性;由于缺乏明确界定的产权和存在着高昂的交易成本,产生外部性。无论是内部性还是外部性其根源都是未界定清晰的产权关系,二者都会导致市场机制配置资源效率的低下,形成市场失灵的状态,这为政府规制提供了前提与条件。     

浅析自然资源利用中的代际外部性问题

自然资源开发利用中存在外部性问题, 本文在传统外部性理论的基础上, 提出了代际外部性的概念, 并对其种类、表现、产生原因、特点等进行了阐述。     

湿地退化的外部性成因及其生态补偿建议

湿地是人类最重要的生存环境之一,但退化和丧失严重.文章认为湿地退化的代内外部性成因是湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有补偿,湿地破坏的负外部性行为未付出应有代价,代际外部性成因则是由于过去人类缺乏对湿地价值的正确认识,以及资源分配代际权利制衡机制的缺乏.在此基础上,提出了对湿地资源进行保护、恢复的生态补偿建议.     

环境资源认知产权的调整与负外部性内部化

法律无法明确界定出每个社会成员对于环境资源的具体产权,社会成员通过自身感知和理解确定对环境资源的认知产权边界。因认知产权的交叉与冲突导致了在使用环境资源时产生了负外部性。自愿合作基础上认知产权的调整既不同于庇古方案,也不同于科斯方案,它为解决与环境资源有关的负外部性内部化提供了新的思路。文章从环境资源的认知产权出发,对自愿合作基础上认知产权调整的过程进行了模型分析。     

论代际公平视角下不可再生资源利用的外部性

不可再生资源由于可采储量有限,并且不能再生,从而具有可枯竭的性质。当代人对不可再生资源的利用具有负外部性,它对后代人利用资源的能力产生影响。传统的解决代际外部性的方法,例如基于产权理论的议价模式、政府实施税收制和限额制、调节不可再生资源的数量等,均有其局限性,应该加以改进。     

企业家人力资本外部性及其内在化路径研究

具有创新型生产力形态的企业家人力资本,在社会实践中的运用呈现出较强的正向外部性,这源于企业家人力资本的私人收益率与社会收益率的极大不一致。由于外部性的存在,阻碍了企业家创新精神的发挥及企业家人力资本的生成和供给．故完整界定企业家人力资本产权是克服外部性的有效手段．企业家人力资本的股权化是其外部性内在化的具体路径选择。     

草地资源的外部性特征分析

外部性是一种常见的经济现象,外部性的存在意味着资源的非帕雷托最优配置。草地资源作为一种特殊载体存在外部经济与不经济现象,草地资源外部性有代际外部性、草地畜牧业生产外部性和草地建设保护外部性等表现形式,草地资源的外部性问题是导致市场失灵和草地生态环境恶化的首要因素。     

运输外部性理论相关问题研究

运输外部性理论包括运输外部性的产生、运输外部性的表现形式、运输外部性衡量、运输外部性的内部化以及可持续运输的选择等内容。运输外部性根据其数学表达可看出运输外部性的产生过程,并划分为运输外部经济和运输外部不经济两种类型,对运输外部经济进行了定性分析,对运输外部不经济的内容(污染成本、拥挤成本、生态破坏以及交通事故)进行定量分析。综述了运输基本外部性和制度外部性内部化的措施,阐述了代际外部性内部化思想——可持续运输,以实现人类社会机动性目标和环境目标的协调以及必须在资源与环境容量的制约下协调发展。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.