Economic screening procedures based on correlated variables

Summary Economic screening procedures for improving outgoing product quality based on screening variables are presented for the cases of one- and two-sided specification limits. It is assumed that the performance and screening variables are jointly normally distributed and that costs are incurred by screening inspection and misclassification errors. When all parameters are known, a closed-form solution is obtained for the case of one-sided specification limit and an approximate closed-form solution is derived for the case of two-sided specification limits. Methods for finding optimal solutions based on normal conditioned ont-distribution are presented for the cases of unknown parameters.     

Economic designs of single and double screening procedures

Summary Economic designs of single and double screening procedures for improving outgoing product quality based on two screening variables are presented for the case of one-sided specification limit. Two screening variables are observed simultaneously in single screening procedure and are observed sequentially in double screening procedure. It is assumed that the performance variable and the two screening variables are jointly normally distributed. Three quality cost functions — constant, linear, and quadratic — are considered. Cost models are constructed which involve screening inspection cost, and costs of accepted and rejected item. Methods of finding the optimal cutoff values are presented and a numerical example is given.     

Economic design of a two-stage screening procedure with a prescribed outgoing quality

Summary An economic two-stage screening procedure based on screening and performance variables is proposed. A screening variable is used first to decide whether an item should be accepted, rejected, or undecided. The performance variable is then used to classify the undecided items. The two variables are assumed to have a bivariate normal distribution. A cost model is constructed which involves costs due to screening and performance inspections and misclassification errors. Optimal cutoff values on the screening variable minimizing the expected cost are obtained subject to the constraint that the outgoint quality exceeds a prespecified level. Methods of finding the optimal cutoff values are presented for both parameters-known and parameters-unknown cases.     

Economic designs of two-sided single and double screening procedures

Economic designs of single and double screening procedures for improving outgoing product quality based on two screening variables are presented for the case of two-sided specification limits. Two screening variables are observed simultaneously in the single screening procedure. In the double screening procedure, one variable is used first to make one of three decisions — accept, reject, or undecided — and after the first screening, the second variable is employed to screen the undecided items. It is assumed that the performance and the two screening variables are jointly normally distributed, and the deviation of the performance variable from the ‘ideal’ value causes dissatisfication to the consumers. Two quality cost functions — constant and quadratic — are considered. Cost models are constructed which involve screening inspection cost, and costs of accepted and rejected item. Methods of finding the optimal cutoff values are presented and a numerical example is given.     

基于试飞数据的扭矩电桥筛选方法研究

将飞机滑跑起飞分为不同阶段,依据飞行参数的时间历程变化,将扭矩电桥对不同载荷的响应进行解耦,给出电桥对剪力、扭矩敏感因子的计算公式,依据计算结果对电桥实现筛选,基于某飞机多架次飞行数据对筛选结果进行验证.结果证明:该筛选方法避免了扭矩电桥筛选过程对地面载荷校准试验的依赖性,可降低地面载荷校准试验的设计难度,并有效提升飞...     

Robust feature screening for varying coefficient models via quantile partial correlation

This article is concerned with feature screening for varying coefficient models with ultrahigh-dimensional predictors. We propose a new sure independence screening method based on quantile partial correlation (QPC-SIS), which is quite robust against outliers and heavy-tailed distributions. Then we establish the sure screening property for the QPC-SIS, and conduct simulations to examine its finite sample performance. The results of simulation study indicate that the QPC-SIS performs better than other methods like sure independent screening (SIS), sure independent ranking and screening, distance correlation-sure independent screening, conditional correlation sure independence screening and nonparametric independent screening, which shows the validity and rationality of QPC-SIS.     

Opportunity analysis of newborn screening programs

There exist congenital diseases that reduce newborns’ potential opportunities. This reduction is sometimes alleviated if the congenital disease is detected early by a newborn screening program. We propose a new outcome measurement procedure for newborn screening programs, based on the opportunity gains they offer. We show that, under plausible assumptions, the ranking of the available screening programs for a particular disease, according to this new outcome measurement procedure, does not depend on the metric of opportunity. We also apply our model to the current debate about choosing between a selective or a universal newborn hearing screening program to detect congenital hearing impairments.     

Screening‐oriented recruitment messages: Antecedents and relationships with applicant pool quality

The ability of firms to attract qualified job applicants is a critical component of the human resource management process. However, while a large body of research has examined the relationship between firm recruitment practices and applicant pool attributes, very little research has investigated what factors are associated with organizational decision makers' utilization of specific recruitment tactics. We draw on labor economics, sociological, and agency theoretical perspectives to make predictions regarding the use of screening‐oriented recruitment messages in actual web‐based job advertisements. Results suggest that perceptions of labor supply, recruiting firm reputation, and the use of quality‐based compensation incentives are associated with use of screening‐oriented messages, which in turn are associated with applicant pool quality. These findings hold important theoretical insights into the factors shaping firm recruitment activity and provide practical strategic implications for managing firm recruitment objectives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Adjusted Pearson Chi-Square feature screening for multi-classification with ultrahigh dimensional data

Huang et al. (J Bus Econ Stat 32:237–244, 2014) first proposed a Pearson Chi-Square based feature screening procedure tailored to multi-classification problem with ultrahigh dimensional categorical covariates, which is a common problem in practice but has seldom been discussed in the literature. However, their work establishes the sure screening property only in a limited setting. Moreover, the p value based adjustments when the number of categories involved by each covariate is different do not work well in several practical situations. In this paper, we propose an adjusted Pearson Chi-Square feature screening procedure and a modified method for tuning parameter selection. Theoretically, we establish the sure screening property of the proposed method in general settings. Empirically, the proposed method is more successful than Pearson Chi-Square feature screening in handling non-equal numbers of covariate categories in finite samples. Results of three simulation studies and one real data analysis are presented. Our work together with Huang et al. (J Bus Econ Stat 32:237–244, 2014) establishes a solid theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for the family of Pearson Chi-Square based feature screening methods.     

A Conditional Approach to Measure Mortality Reductions Due to Cancer Screening

The prevailing lack of consensus about the comparative harms and benefits of cancer screening stems, in part, from the inappropriate calculations of the expected mortality impact of a sustained screening programme. There is an inherent, and often substantial, time lag from the time of screening until the resulting mortality reductions begin, reach their maximum and ultimately end. However, the cumulative mortality reduction reported in a randomised screening trial is typically calculated over an arbitrarily defined follow‐up period, including follow‐up time where the mortality impact is yet to realise or where it has already been exhausted. Because of this, the cumulative reduction cannot be used for projecting the mortality impact expected from a sustained screening programme. For this purpose, we propose a new measure, the time‐specific probability of being helped by screening, given that the cancer would have proven fatal otherwise. This can be decomposed into round‐specific impacts, which in turn can be parametrised and estimated from the trial data. This represents a major shift in quantifying the benefits due to a sustained screening programme, based on statistical evidence extracted from existing trial data. We illustrate our approach using data from screening trials in lung and colorectal cancers.     

Arbitral standards in medical screening grievances

Recent media attention to employer's growing use of tests to detect the AIDS virus among employees has revived a longstanding public debate over the approriateness of workplace medical screening. Under current statutory and common law, employers are given considerable latitude to implement medical screening policies. Although Rothstein (1984) has speculated that collective bargaining may provide the strongest protection currently available against the misuse of medical screening by employers, there has been no comprehensive analysis of such protections. This article begins to address that gap in the literature by investigating the standards commonly applied by arbitrators in deciding grievances protesting adverse personnel allocation decisions that allegedly have been based, at least in part, on medical screening.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1989 Annual Conference of the Council on Employee Responsibilities and Rights, and was published in the Conference Proceedings.     

Screening methods in policy analysis

A classification of screening methods is proposed into those based upon dominance and those based upon decision criteria. Examples from each class are described but the main point of the paper is to show that this classification has important implications for how the screened subset of decision options can be used in the policy-making context.     

基于IO Server技术的Intouch与AB-PLC的光纤筛选系统

随着信息技术的不断进步和经济的迅速发展,市场对光纤的需求量在快速增长,因此迫切需要对光纤筛选设备进行优化和升级。目前,Intouch等组态软件在工业自动化中已经有了广泛应用,但在光纤筛选系统中却少见报道。本文详细描述了基于Intouch的光纤筛选系统的体系结构和软件设计方案,利用以太网IO Server软件建立OPC,为系统的监控提供数据采集接口。系统应用于江苏通鼎集团,具有较好的可靠性和鲁棒性,很好的完成了光纤筛选的监控工作。     

Frequentist model averaging for multinomial and ordered logit models

Multinomial and ordered Logit models are quantitative techniques which are used in a range of disciplines nowadays. When applying these techniques, practitioners usually select a single model using either information-based criteria or pretesting. In this paper, we consider the alternative strategy of combining models rather than selecting a single model. Our strategy of weight choice for the candidate models is based on the minimization of a plug-in estimator of the asymptotic squared error risk of the model average estimator. Theoretical justifications of this model averaging strategy are provided, and a Monte Carlo study shows that the forecasts produced by the proposed strategy are often more accurate than those produced by other common model selection and model averaging strategies, especially when the regressors are only mildly to moderately correlated and the true model contains few zero coefficients. An empirical example based on credit rating data is used to illustrate the proposed method. To reduce the computational burden, we also consider a model screening step that eliminates some of the very poor models before averaging.     

Accurate test limits under nonnormal measurement error

When screening a production process for nonconforming items the objective is to improve the average outgoing quality level. Due to measurement errors specification limits cannot be checked directly and hence test limits are required, which meet some given requirement, here given by a prescribed bound on the consumer loss. Classical test limits are based on normality, both for the product characteristic and for the measurement error. In practice, often nonnormality occurs for the product characteristic as well as for the measurement error. Recently, nonnormality of the product characteristic has been investigated. In this paper attention is focussed on the measurement error. Firstly, it is shown that nonnormality can lead to serious failure of the test limit. New test limits are therefore derived, which have the desired robustness property: a small loss under normality and a large gain in case of nonnormality when compared to the normal test limit. Monte Carlo results illustrate that the asymptotic theory is in agreement with moderate sample behaviour.     

Self‐screening Effects of Monitoring: Evidence from a Quasi Experiment in the Swedish Temporary Parental Benefit Program

Monitoring and screening have been shown to be important to reduce moral hazard in social insurances. This paper empirically investigates whether monitoring in the Swedish temporary parental benefit program affects future benefit take‐up. Identification is based on the fact that parents’ benefit applications are monitored randomly by the insurer. The estimation results show that parents who are monitored are less likely to apply again in the near future.     

Mathematical partitioning of the receiver operating curve: A diagnostic tool for medical decision making

The receiver operating curve (ROC) has had wide application in choosing acceptable diagnostic criteria in clinical medicine. There are several problems that are involved in such intuitive estimation of the ROC, the most important of which is the very nature of the subjective approach. To overcome these problems we used a method named characteristic intervals, which allows the quantitative estimation of informational capacities of given tests based on real-world data, and quantification of absolute and relative specific intervals of diagnostic tests based on statistical techniques, including Bayes' theorem. Clinical illustrations include in vivo and in vitro nuclear medicine tests for screening thyroid gland disease, and Nuclear Cardiology. Results reveal that the mathematical partitioning procedure provides a more statistically precise diagnostic aid than do current intuitive approaches.     

Nonparametric independence feature screening for ultrahigh-dimensional survival data

With the explosion of digital information, high-dimensional data is frequently collected in prevalent domains, in which the dimension of covariates can be much larger than the sample size. Many effective methods have been developed to reduce the dimension of such data recently, however, few methods might perform well for survival data with censoring. In this article, we develop a novel nonparametric feature screening procedure based on ultrahigh-dimensional survival data by incorporating the inverse probability weighting scheme to tackle the issue of censoring. The proposed method is model-free and hence can be implemented for extensive survival models. Moreover, it is robust to heterogeneity and invariant to monotone increasing transformations of the response. The sure screening property and ranking consistency property are also established under mild conditions. The competence and robustness of our method is further confirmed through comprehensive simulation studies and an analysis of a real data example.     

Social Media Screening and Procedural Justice: Towards Fairer Use of Social Media in Selection

Companies have started using social media for screening applicants in the selection process. Thereby, they enter a low-cost source of information on applicants, which potentially allows them to hire the right person on the job and avoid irresponsible employee behaviour and negligent hiring lawsuits. However, a number of ethical issues are associated with this practice, which give rise to the question of the fairness of social media screening. This article aims to provide an assessment of the procedural justice of social media screening and to articulate recommendations for a fairer use of social media in the selection process. To achieve this, a systematic literature review of research articles pertaining to social media screening has been conducted. Thereby, the benefits and ethical issues relating to social media screening, as well as recommendations for its use have been extracted and discussed against Leventhal’s (1980) rules of procedural justice. It turns out that without clear guidelines for recruiters, social media screening cannot be considered procedurally fair, as it opens up way too many opportunities for infringements on privacy, unfair discrimination, and adverse selection based on inaccurate information. However, it is possible to enhance the fairness of this practice by establishing clear policies and procedures to standardize the process.

     

目标客户企业规模与差异化银行资本结构的关系研究

本文从企业引入银行外部监管的角度,构造了一个将融资企业规模与银行资本结构融合起来的模型,用以分析银行目标客户企业的规模是否会影响企业的资本结构水平的确定。研究结论表明,大的银行可能更趋向于通过目标客户企业规模的筛选,来降低自己的监督成本,而中小银行可能更趋向于通过资本金比率的方式吸引优质客户,以较高的收益水平来弥补监督成本的提高,这从一定程度上给出了目标客户企业规模不同的银行在资本结构安排上差异化的原因。