Farmers’ Preferences For Bluetongue Vaccination Scheme Attributes: An Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Approach

Re‐emergence of the bluetongue disease in Europe poses a continuous threat to European livestock production. Large‐scale vaccination is the most effective intervention to control virus spread. Compared to command‐and‐control approaches, voluntary vaccination approaches can be effective at lower costs, provided that farmers are willing to participate. We use a discrete choice experiment to estimate the preferences for vaccination scheme attributes, accounting for preference heterogeneity via an integrated choice and latent variable approach. In designing livestock disease control schemes, it is often argued that governments should use financial, incentive‐based policy instruments to compensate farmers for externalities, assuming they act in rational self‐interest. Our results suggest that in addition to economic motives, farmers can have intrinsic or social motives to invest in livestock disease control. Implications for the effectiveness of providing subsidy or information to motivate voluntary participation are discussed.     

Livestock intensification as a climate policy: Lessons from the Brazilian case

Brazil is trying to identify ways to ally economic growth with climate change mitigation. Productivity gains in livestock have been pointed out as a promising alternative to achieve that goal. Thus, this paper analyses the economic impacts of a policy of productivity gains in the Brazilian livestock. Besides, we evaluate if the policy may conciliate agricultural growth and deforestation control, bearing in mind the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land-use changes. The analysis was carried out through a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, tailored to represent land-use changes, GHG emissions and removals. Besides, it made progress modeling the heterogeneity of climate, soils, and emissions in inter-regional models with many regions. The results show that productivity gains can effectively “save” land and thus avoid deforestation, especially in the Amazon and Cerrado (savannah) biomes. The policy also may boost the economic growth, spreading it to other regions of Brazil, like Centre-West and North, and increasing income and consumption in those places. However, as a climate policy, focused on the reduction of GHG emissions, the results may be counterproductive. The net amount issued may increase, as a result of the positive stimulus of the policy on the economy, and GHG emissions are directly related to the economic growth.     

Less Livestock in North-western Europe? Discourses and Drivers Behind Livestock Buyout Policies

Direct intervention in the size of livestock numbers is not considered a main option in European agri-environmental policies nor in policy studies. Nevertheless, the governments of the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) have announced livestock buyout schemes. This article contributes to the scarce literature on this policy instrument by sketching the characteristics of different types of buyout schemes. We analyse how the issue of reducing livestock numbers is being framed in four EU Member States with high livestock dense regions: the Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), Denmark and Germany. While the debate on ‘technology versus volume’ can be observed in all four countries, the ‘nitrogen crises’ in the first two has led to a reframing of concerns over livestock numbers in relation to place-based deterioration of habitats and the possibility of granting permits for new economic activities, rather than as a global issue of mitigating climate change. Pre-existing institutional frameworks influence the introduction and design of new buyout policies. In the context of high political pressure, existing policies to close down farms were reinforced and nutrient emission rights systems offered the opportunity to take production rights out of the market. Notwithstanding the policies and available budgets, the issue of direct intervention to reduce livestock numbers remains controversial.     

Socioeconomic burden of trypanosomiasis: Evidence from crop and livestock production in Ethiopia

This paper estimates the impact of trypanosomiasis on crop-livestock production, economic loss and poverty in Ethiopia. We use unique panel data to estimate how the disease affects livestock deaths, production costs and crop production. We then use these estimates to evaluate the disease's total economic loss and its implications on poverty in the study districts and the country. Estimates of the fixed effect regression models indicate that trypanosomiasis increases the value of livestock deaths by 33% and production costs by 63%. Crop production decreases by 14% when trypanosomiasis and oxen death coexist. We estimate that the direct economic loss is about US$58,300 per annum in the study districts. The estimated countrywide economic loss is about US$94 million per annum. Had the government prevented this economic loss and invested it in social protection programmes, it could have lifted about 9000 people in the study districts and about 200,000 people in the country above the national poverty line per annum. These findings indicate that trypanosomiasis remains a major production constraint. Controlling the disease appears to be pro-poor, calling for more policy attention.     

Understanding Adoption of Livestock Health Management Practices: The Case of Bovine Leukosis Virus

Herd-level livestock health management decisions have implications for farm profitability and the potential public impact of a livestock disease outbreak. Thus, adoption of health management practices is of interest to government officials concerned with managing the risk of disease outbreak and controlling the spread of infection. This paper uses a fractional logit model to estimate the disease risk reduction for livestock health management practices on farms, and then uses the economic benefits of these risk reductions as explanatory variables in an econometric model of adoption of these practices. We find that the economic damages from disease associated with a particular practice are statistically significant but ultimately of little practical economic importance in adoption decisions. Implications for policy and relation to prior research findings are discussed. Les décisions entourant la gestion sanitaire du troupeau ont des répercussions sur la rentabilité des fermes et sur l'impact qu'une éclosion de maladies animales pourrait avoir sur la population. Par conséquent, l'adoption de pratiques de gestion sanitaire intéresse les représentants du gouvernement soucieux de gérer le risque d'éclosion de maladies et de maîtriser la propagation d'une infection. Dans le présent article, nous avons utilisé un modèle logit fractionnaire pour estimer la diminution du risque de maladies lorsque des pratiques de gestion sanitaire du troupeau sont adoptées à la ferme et nous avons ensuite utilisé les avantages économiques de cette diminution du risque comme variables explicatives dans un modèle économétrique d'adoption de ces pratiques. Les résultats ont montré que les dommages économiques liés aux maladies associées à une pratique en particulier sont statistiquement significatifs, mais qu'ils sont finalement sans importance économique dans les décisions d'adoption. Nous avons examiné les répercussions sur la politique agricole et avons fait le lien avec des résultats de recherche antérieurs.     

Integrated assessment of water framework directive nitrate reduction measures

This article illustrates a statistical approach for deriving farm economic impacts of policy options aiming to reduce nitrate diffuse pollution. Building upon Fezzi et al. (2008) , who assess the costs of Water Framework Directive‐related measures on farm accounts data, we estimate regression models allowing such costs to be predicted for any region for which land use patterns and livestock numbers are known. We derive economic impacts in terms of changes in farm gross margin for (a) reducing inorganic fertilizer application, (b) reducing livestock stocking rates, and (c) converting arable land to ungrazed grassland. A case study of the agriculturally diverse Yorkshire Derwent catchment, in the North of England, demonstrates the overall approach. In addition, for this illustration, we combine these cost estimates with prediction of the water quality changes arising from each measure, derived via an integrated hydrological model of the Derwent. This allows a comparison of cost‐effectiveness. Finally, we implement our spatially explicit approach to target the measures to specific subcatchments identified as being of particular environmental policy interest.     

Livestock Disease Indemnity Design When Moral Hazard Is Followed by Adverse Selection

Averting or limiting the outbreak of infectious disease in domestic livestock herds is an economic and potential human health issue that involves the government and individual livestock producers. Producers have private information about preventive biosecurity measures they adopt on their farms prior to outbreak ( ex ante moral hazard), and following outbreak they possess private information about whether or not their herd is infected ( ex post adverse selection). We investigate how indemnity payments can be designed to provide incentives to producers to invest in biosecurity and report infection to the government in the presence of asymmetric information. We compare the relative magnitude of the first- and second-best levels of biosecurity investment and indemnity payments to demonstrate the tradeoff between risk sharing and efficiency, and we discuss the implications for status quo U.S. policy.     

Use of Public Perceptions of Groundwater Quality Benefits in Developing Livestock Management Options

In this study, a dichotomous choice model is used to determine the compensating welfare measure for water quality improvements stemming from livestock waste management in the Abbotsford region of southwestern British Columbia. The benefits of improving water quality are compared with the net costs of composting manure on a large scale, the option for handling livestock wastes preferred by the provincial government. The results indicate that the costs of composting manure exceed the revenue from selling manure (compost) plus the off-site damages avoided.     

THE VALUE OF FARM ANIMAL WELFARE

This paper explores further some of the ideas put forward by McInerney (1993) in his economic perspective of animal welfare. It uses a simple economic framework to consider citizens' concerns and perceptions about farm animal welfare and the production and consumption of livestock products in society. People's perceptions that certain aspects of livestock production give rise to poor farm animal welfare are a potential source of disutility for them. This disutility may be associated with people's own consumption of livestock products and/or with other people's consumption. The latter is a negative externality of consumption in society, resulting in very real indirect costs associated with livestock production. The paper discusses the need for valuing farm animal welfare, considers techniques for evaluation and highlights some of the policy issues involved.     

The Effect of Energy Price Increases on the U.S. Livestock Sector

This study is unique and crucial to the current time period because of the recent high energy price escalation. The uniqueness of this study pertains to the void in energy impact research of the agricultural sector, more specifically to livestock. The U.S. Department of Energy has models estimating economy-wide impacts, but not the specific impacts on agriculture. The Iowa State study concentrated on the grain sector.
The results presented here indicate that energy price increases will have substantial effects on livestock prices and production. Energy price increases will also result in differential impacts on livestock commodities (with poultry and eggs having the largest price and production effects). Furthermore, the multi-period framework enables the livestock model to capture lagged production responses. Noticeable is the higher impacts occurring in the third and fourth years.
In the future, higher energy costs may induce changes in U.S. production, processing and distribution patterns of livestock commodities. The highly vertically integrated poultry and egg industries may begin shifting production locations away from the colder northern regions to areas with more temperate climates. For industries like beef, pork and dairy, there may be increased range production to reduce impacts from higher feed costs. For all industries, closer proximity of processing plants to major livestock producing areas may occur.     

Livestock development planning in Uganda: Identification of areas of opportunity and challenge

Livestock are an important element of the livelihoods of many Ugandan households, and considerable efforts at economic development by the government of Uganda have focused on the livestock sector. However, these development efforts have suffered due to a lack of detailed data on the distribution of livestock in Uganda to guide the targeting of such programs. In this paper, we use data from the 2008 National Livestock Census to develop a better understanding of where in Uganda there might be potential for significant investment to intensify the production of livestock and, conversely, where there are important challenges that need to be addressed, such as conflicts between human populations and livestock. This analysis is done by developing a quantitative model to predict mean livestock stocking rates at sub-county level (n = 929) that uses population density, agroecological factors, and market access as explanatory variables. A mapping of model residuals approach is then used to identify areas in Uganda that are relatively understocked and those that are potentially overstocked. This information is used to suggest approaches to livestock development in both types of areas.     

The Siting of Livestock Facilities and Environmental Regulations

The significant variation in the stringency of environmental regulations across Ontario municipalities in the late 1990s created the possibility of pollution havens where expanding livestock operations would locate in those municipalities with the lowest regulatory compliance costs. Using actual building permit data rather than aggregate regional production numbers, the study examined the factors affecting spatial changes. Instead of locating to reduce environmental compliance costs as suggested by the pollution haven hypothesis, barns are being built largely where the livestock sector is concentrated suggesting the existence of agglomeration economies. The result suggests that the normalization of standards across the province through the new Nutrient Management Act will not significantly influence the location decisions of expanding or new livestock facilities which are largely determined by economic factors associated with livestock infrastructure support. L'importante variation de sévérité des règlements environnementaux dans les municipalités de l'Ontario vers la fin des années 1990 a créé la possibilité de refuges pour pollueurs: les fermes d'élevage en expansion allaient s'installer dans les municipalités où les coûts de conformité aux règlements étaient les plus faibles. À l'aide de données sur les permis de construire plutôt que de données agrégées sur la production régionale, la présente étude a examiné les facteurs qui influaient sur les changements spatiaux. Au lieu de s'installer là où les coûts de conformité aux règlements sont faibles comme le laisse supposer l'hypothèse des refuges pour pollueurs, les entreprises choisissent de s'installer là où le secteur de l'élevage est concentré, ce qui laisse supposer l'existence d'économies d'agglomération. Les résultats semblent indiquer que l'uniformisation des normes à l'échelle provinciale en vertu de la Loi sur la gestion des éléments nutritifs n'aura pas d'influence significative sur le choix des endroits où seront construits les bâtiments des exploitations en expansion ou des nouvelles exploitations puisque ce choix est en grande partie motivé par des facteurs économiques liés au soutien à l'infrastructure de l'élevage.     

Structure and Dynamics of Livestock Marketing in Rural Uganda: Constraints and Prospects for Research and Development

ABSTRACT

The projected global expansion in consumption of meat and other livestock products potentially offers sub-Saharan African small-holder farmers opportunities to escape from the poverty trap. A necessary condition for exploiting this potential is the establishment of marketing systems that provide farmers with reasonable incentives to participate in the market. In this study, the functioning of livestock markets in rural Uganda is analyzed based on a survey of 401 livestock keepers, complimented with focus group discussions with livestock traders and policy planners. The first part is dedicated to the empirical analysis of key organizational and institutional arrangements. Constraints along the marketing chain as well as potential institutional solutions are illuminated. The second part is dedicated to propositions of new areas where more work and new results are needed to improve the functioning of the livestock marketing chain. Empirical findings indicated the following institutional constraints: a poor market information system, lack of grades and standards, lack of trade finance, poor contract enforcement and dispute settlement, disorganized actors, high transaction risks, and poorly developed marketing infrastructure. The study recommends a structured approach to livestock marketing, market infrastructure development, and emphasis on arbitration systems as specific ways of improving the efficiency of livestock marketing in Uganda and other developing countries.     

The Relationship between Contracting and Livestock Waste Pollution

This paper investigates factors and mechanisms that influence the relationship between contracting and animal waste pollution. The questions raised are whether contracting worsens livestock waste management problems and how to apportion the burden of regulation between the contracting parties in a socially optimal way. The paper shows that the potential linkages between contracting and animal waste depend on scale, specialization, and concentration of animal units, as well as on division of inputs and contract settlement rules. The long-run apportioning of an increase in costs of environmental compliance depends on the integrator's market power for grower services.     

Livestock and land share contracts in a Hindu society

This article examines factors related to a livestock rental market in western Nepal and assesses whether this market is associated with caste differentiation and land rental market participation. Theoretical models for asset‐rich (i.e., high‐caste) households, rich in land and livestock, and asset‐poor (i.e., low‐caste families) households are presented to provide logical explanations for the existence of a livestock rental market and the synergy between livestock and land rental markets participation. A combination of double hurdle models and bivariate‐ordered probit models were used to test the implications of the models. Consistent with the theoretical models, land‐ and livestock‐rich high‐caste households were more likely to rent out land and/or livestock, whereas land‐ and livestock‐poor and credit constrained low‐caste households were more likely to rent livestock and land from others. Participation in the two markets was positively correlated, indicating a synergistic relationship that may be due to production and transaction costs reducing benefits. Policies that can enhance the allocative efficiency of livestock and land rental markets can improve equity as well as efficiency of land use in Nepal. Provision of livestock credit to land‐poor low‐caste households is also crucially dependent on their access to more long‐term contracts for land.     

Updated Estimates of the Costs Associated with Thirty Four Endemic Livestock Diseases in Great Britain: A Note

This Note outlines the further development of a system of models for the estimation of the costs of livestock diseases first presented by Bennett (2003). The models have been developed to provide updated and improved estimates of the costs associated with 34 endemic diseases of livestock in Great Britain, using border prices and including assessments of the impact of diseases on human health and animal welfare. Results show that, of the diseases studied, mastitis has the highest costs for cattle diseases, enzootic abortion for sheep diseases, swine influenza for pig diseases and salmonellosis for poultry diseases.     

畜禽骨的综合利用研究现状与发展趋势

我国畜禽骨骼资源丰富,畜禽骨中含有优质的蛋白质、比例合理的脂肪酸、丰富的矿物质及多种生物活性物质,故深度开发和利用畜禽骨资源对提高经济效益和社会效益有着重要的现实意义。本文介绍了畜禽骨的资源概况、骨的组成和营养价值、国内外的应用现状,并展望了我国畜禽骨高值化开发应用的前景,以期为畜禽骨资源的深度开发提供参考。     

Alternative Methods of Marketing Livestock1

This paper attempts to establish a set of criteria, against which current or potential livestock marketing systems can be evaluated. The approach is straightforward, and the concepts are not profound. The author attempts to simplify current marketing efficiency requirements and to blend these economic criteria with the systems approach to marketing that is presently being developed in the business schools. QUELQUES SOLUTIONS CONCERNANT LA COMMERCIALISATION DU BETAIL – Le présent mémoire essaie d‘établir un ensemble de critères selon lesquels les systèmes présents et futurs de mise en marche“ des bestiaux peuvent être évalues. L'approche est directe et les concepts ne sont pas fouillés. L'auteur essaie de simplifier les besoins courants d'une mise en marché efficace et de relier ces entères économiques à l'approche systématique de la mise en marché qu'on élabore présentement dans les écoles commerciales.     

Rent Seeking and Supply Management in Canadian Agriculture

The social costs of supply management in Canadian agriculture have been the subject of recent theoretical and empirical study. Thus far, analyses have focused on the conventional deadweight loss approach to describing social costs. This debate is expanded by considering how the scarce resources consumed in a competitive rent seeking process revise the interpretation and calculation of societal losses from supply management. It is concluded the exclusion of society's loss due to wasteful rent seeking activities results in underestimation of the social cost of supply management programs. Les coûts sociaux dus à la gestion des stocks dans l'agriculture Ca-nadienne ont fait l'object de plusieurs études recentes, aussi bien tháoriques qu'empiriques. Jusqu'à présent, les analyses ont mis l'accent sur l'approche conventionnelle de l'étude des pertes sêcnes pour décrire les coûts sociaux. Le débat sur la question est ici relancé quand on considère, dans le cadre d'un processus concurrentiel de recherche de plus-value áconomique, combien l'utilization des resources limitáes conduit à réviser l'interpretation et le calcul des pertes soc-iales duer à la gestion des stocks. En conclusion, I'exclusion des pertes sociales dues aux activitás ruineuses de recherché de plus-value a pour resultat de sousestimer le coût social des programmes de gestion des stocks. A recent article in this Journal by Schmitz reviews the economic effects of the supply management experience in Canada. Utilizing previously published empirical evidence and an economic surplus methodology, Schmitz concludes that the net welfare losses due to supply management are small for the commodities discussed. So small, in fact, that Schmitz wonders if policy makers can be influenced, on the basis of efficiency criteria, to reconsider supply management as an approach to ag-ricultural policy.     

Evaluating the economic impact of quality-reducing,seed-borne diseases: Lessons from Karnal bunt of wheat

Estimates of aggregate disease costs can be used for assigning research resources or to evaluate control measures. Most diseases cause production losses, but others affect quality and marketability. Seed-borne diseases also cause problems for the seed production and distribution industry. The aim in this paper is to examine issues relating to the economic impact of a quality-reducing, seed-borne disease, and to highlight differences compared to non-seed-borne diseases affecting yield only. Economic evaluation of quality-reducing, seed-borne diseases needs to incorporate impacts of trading restrictions such as quarantines or embargoes imposed by purchasers. The costs of measures taken to control diseases also represent part of the economic impact of the disease. Full economic costs of a disease include the direct (yield and quality) costs and costs of the control measures. The costs of Karnal bunt of wheat in Mexico were found to include many control costs that have often been overlooked. The optimal amount of resources to invest in controlling a disease depends on the likely annual costs of the disease and of control measures. Before implementing disease control policies, both the costs and the benefits of the policies need to be considered, taking the risks of each option into account, to ensure that the policy itself does not impose greater costs than the uncontrolled disease.