不破哲三的 《 <资本论> 中的未来社会论》 述评

从2018 年10 月到2019 年1 月, 日本著名理论家不破哲三在日本共产党中央机关刊物 《 前卫》 上连续4 期刊载文章, 对马克思在 《 资本论》 中对于未来社会论的研究进行了梳理与分析。 不破哲三发表的 《 < 资本论> 中的未来社会论》 作为日本共产党理论研究的最新成果, 为21 世纪科学社会主义的发展贡献了理论智慧。 不破哲三在厘清资本主义生产方式界限的基础上, 准确把握了未来社会的样态和特征, 体现出日本马克思主义理论家研究的鲜明风格, 树立了当代国外马克思主义经济学研究的一面独特的旗帜。 当然, 不破哲三发表的 《 < 资本论>中的未来社会论》 也有一些值得进一步探讨的问题。     

政治经济学方法探析——重温《<政治经济学批判>导言》

马克思曾提出从抽象上升到具体是确立政治经济学理论体系的正确方法,我们必须从实际出发,寻找科学的逻辑起点,全面把握抽象和具体的辩证关系,正确理解逻辑与历史相一致的方法。从抽象上升到具体的方法,对揭示社会主义市场经济运行的客观规律,创立中国特色的社会主义政治经济学理论体系具有重要的指导作用。     

A spatially filtered mixture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-convergence regressions for EU regions, 1980–2002

Assessing regional growth and convergence across Europe is a matter of primary relevance. Empirical models that do not account for structural heterogeneities and spatial effects may face serious misspecification problems. In this work, a mixture regression approach is applied to the β-convergence model, in order to produce an endogenous selection of regional growth patterns. A priori choices, such as North–South or centre-periphery divisions, are avoided. In addition to this, we deal with the spatial dependence existing in the data, applying a local filter to the data. The results indicate that spatial effects matter, and either absolute, conditional, or club convergence, if extended to the whole sample, might be restrictive assumptions. Excluding a small number of regions that behave as outliers, only a few regions show an appreciable rate of convergence. The majority of data show slow convergence, or no convergence at all. Furthermore, a dualistic phenomenon seems to be present inside some States, reinforcing the “diverging-convergence” paradox. An erratum to this article can be found at     

由《<政治经济学批判>导言》当代中国社会流动问题

《<政治经济学批判>导言》运用唯物辩证法,系统的阐述了政治经济学的研究对象---"一定社会条件下的生产关系"以及"从具体到抽象,再从抽象上升到具体"的科学研究方法,并详细说明了"生产、分配、消费、交换"四个环节的内在关系.本文从《导言》所表达的政治经济学思想出发,结合当代中国社会流动中的相关问题进行研究分析.     

Combination of “combinations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis> values”

We investigate the impact of an uncertain number of false individual null hypotheses on commonly used p value combination methods. Under such uncertainty, these methods perform quite differently and often yield conflicting results. Consequently, we develop a combination of “combinations of p values” (CCP) test aimed at maintaining good power properties across such uncertainty. The CCP test is based on a simple union–intersection principle that exploits the weak correspondence between two underlying p value combination methods. Monte Carlo simulations show that the CCP test controls size and closely tracks the power of the best individual methods. We empirically apply the CCP test to explore the stationarity in real exchange rates and the information rigidity in inflation and output growth forecasts.     

“1+1>2,1+1<2”的金融学原理分析

近年来,我国企业间的资产并购规模、数量有明显上升的趋势,企业间跨地区、跨行业协同合作不断紧密,各种不同的并购整合,成为当前形势下企业间合作的主流,并不断推动企业追求协同效应,在企业之间实现资源共享,与“1+1>2,1+1<2”的金融学原理有效结合,本文通过对“1+1>2,1+1<2”协同效应进行详细概述,实现企业并购协同效应的深入分析,在企业间实现协同效应,并提出合理化建议,使企业利用协同效应完成战略策划。     

Prune or cut down: salience and Sugden’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">The Economics of Rights</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Co</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">operation and Welfare</Emphasis>

In The Economics of Rights, Co-operation and Welfare (1986), Robert Sugden follows the tradition from Thomas Schelling and David Lewis in ascribing a central role to the notion of salience within his theory of convention. However, against this, Bruno Verbeek (Instrumental rationality and moral philosophy, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2002) has argued that an empirically adequate notion of salience may not be incorporated into a generic account of convention without circularity obtains. This paper examines Verbeek’s argument against a background of experimental as well as theoretical work on coordination problems. It finds that the argument fails to consider at least two candidate theories of salience that may be incorporated into the theory of convention without circularity: cognitive hierarchy theory that iterates Sugden’s notion of psychological salience and Schelling salience. Thus, in the end Verbeek’s criticism of the role ascribed to salience in theories of convention may be dismissed, though its discussion draws a fruitful perspective.     

Francesco Forte’s Contributions to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Essentials of Fiscal Sociology</Emphasis>

Francesco Forte has made major contributions to many areas of economics with the result that his theoretical work and applications have opened new areas of inquiry. This paper connects Forte’s work with the work of Jürgen Backhaus on fiscal sociology. Positioned at the crossroads of economics and sociology, the answers to these questions helped fill the void which gave rise to the field of fiscal sociology. Fiscal sociology is primarily a study of taxation and fiscal policies which illuminates core issues in the sociology of contemporary capitalism. It includes the causes of poverty and inequality in rich countries and adds to our understanding the basis for the inequality between rich and poor countries. Our paper reviews several of Forte’s papers on Pareto’s fiscal sociology and the failure of European planning for less-developed regions. The paper highlights Forte’s contributions to economic theory focusing on Pareto’s sociological theory and the influence of the European Union on regional development.     

Who pays taxes? Liturgies and the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Antidosis</Emphasis> procedure in Ancient Athens

Ancient Athens developed a constitutional democracy. A core, time invariant political economy problem is that of providing public services when wealth is imperfectly know. I model theoretically a unique institution developed in Ancient Athens known as the Antidosis. It allowed a citizen on the list of tax-payers to challenge a citizen not contributing to replace him and make the public goods contribution. The challenged citizen, rather than allow the claim to go before a jury trial, could choose to swap wealth with the accusing tax payer. I argue this acts as a screening mechanism and improves upon the asymmetric information problem the government has in identifying who is indeed those who have the highest wealth to provide the tax revenue to finance the public services.     

Social orders,and a <Emphasis Type="Italic">weak</Emphasis> form of the Hayek–Friedman Hypothesis

This paper contributes to a theoretical underpinning of the economic freedom–political freedom relationship. We use the theory of social orders (North et al. in Violence and social orders: a conceptual framework for understanding recorded human history, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009) to look at the Hayek–Friedman Hypothesis (HFH), which leads us to propose a novel interpretation. The core insight of our weak interpretation of the hypothesis is that economic freedom is a necessary condition for maintaining political freedom in open access order countries (countries with high levels of both freedoms), i.e., once achieved, political freedom needs economic freedom to be stable; but the HFH is not relevant for limited access orders (rent-seeking-dominated orders). We find empirical support for the weak interpretation with canonical correlations and conditional logit regressions, using a panel database for 122 countries for the period 1980–2011.     

“Why historians have failed to recognize Mises’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theory and History</Emphasis>”

Theory and History is often said to be Ludwig von Mises’ least read and least appreciated book. This article argues that historians in the Anglo-American world generally did not understand the German and Austrian traditions that Mises drew on, and that their early reviews of the book therefore fundamentally misunderstood its purpose. Most saw it as a political tract. Some commented on Mises’ contribution to the debate about the autonomy of the discipline of history. Few, however, understood Mises’ apriorism or logical approach. To understand why Theory and History has not been recognized for its a contribution to historical methodology, we must first understand Mises’ place as an outsider in the debates on historiography in the 1950s.     

The institutional determinants of self-governance: a comment on Edward Stringham’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Private Governance</Emphasis>

Many pages would be require to discuss Private Governance’s important contributions, so I focus on a relatively minor flaw: chapter 9 on moral beliefs is inconsistent with Stringham’s general treatment of private governance institutions as endogenous. Moral beliefs are essentially depicted as unchanging, but they actually are endogenous too. Individuals can pursue wealth through cooperative interaction, which requires trust, creating incentives to develop beliefs that encourage ethical and benevolent behavior. Alternatively wealth can be taken from others through force and/or guile. Beliefs to facilitate involuntary transfers also are institutionalized. For instance, in order to benefit from coercive wealth transfers “in good conscience,” recipients have incentives to see their victims as enemies to justify a moral “right” to transfers. Changing moral beliefs is costly, however, so they tend to be fixed in the short term. Once it becomes apparent that existing beliefs significantly conflict with an individual’s interests, she is forced to question those beliefs. The impetus for rationalizing new beliefs arises. The direction of evolution can be predicted with a rational decision-making model. To illustrate the endogeneity of moral beliefs, three institutional settings are examined: “dignity culture,” “honor culture,” and “victimhood culture”.     

Gains,Losses, and the US-EPA <Emphasis Type="Italic">Economic Analyses Guidelines</Emphasis>: A Hazardous Product?

While offering many useful suggestions to improve economic analyses, the Guidelines take no account of widely reported behavioural economics research findings. Foregoing the opportunities to improve valuations and other analyses offered by this evidence is likely to lead to inappropriate assessments and consequent distortions of damage estimates, policy and regulatory design. JEL classifications: C91, D61, H43 This review is in part based on studies supported by the U.S. Forest Service and has benefited from comments and suggestionss of Bas Donkers, Robin Gregory, the editor, and referee.