零售业多元化需要“机会主义’’

零售业态所处的生命周期不仅影响、刺激零售商的多元化冲劲，同时直接关系到零售商业态多元化的机会[编者按]     

零售业分析型CRM应用研究

近十几年来,我国零售市场的经营业态和规模发展迅速,但零售企业的经济效益还不尽如人意,行业利润整体下降,远低于发达国家30%的水平。造成这一结果的主要原因之一是国内零售商家竞争手段限于价格大战、促销大战,竞争力低下。赢得客户是零售商提升竞争力的关键,由于零售商经营的     

对我国发展零售商自有品牌经营的思考

英国最大的食品零售商泰斯克集团的营销董事泰瑞·里奇认为,有两个因素对零售业发展产生深刻影响:一是零售方式的变化,主要表现在零售业态的不断进化;二是零售业自有品牌的发展。目前,这两个因素在我国发展极不平衡,前者获得较大发展,后者还在低水平徘徊。随着外资零售商抢滩中国,我国零售业的竞争压力越来越大,缺少自有品牌将不利于我国零售商的发展。因此,积极发展自有品牌,增强零售业竞争力显得尤为迫切。一、我国发展零售商自有品牌的必要性1.它是零售业和市场竞争发展到一定阶段的产物。传统的零售业采取“搬砖头”的经营方式和“零售…     

国际零售商海外扩张的实证分析--以沃尔玛、家乐福与阿霍德为例

本文对沃尔玛、家乐福、阿霍德3大国际零售商的海外扩张进行了实证分析，从各国际零售商海外投资的国家或地区分布、业态分布及海外销售额比例及分布等方面，探究国际零售商海外扩张的一般规律。     

零售业经营一体化模式的利与弊

零售企业选择业态需要考虑的问题是，选择单一业态还是进入多业态。中国零售企业通常认为进入多业态能够把握住更多的发展机会，同时还可以分散经营风险。但是，实际的情况是由于资源分散可能使得企业在每一个业态上都难以建立竞争优势。不仅如此，还会由于企业对新业态（新的经营领域）的经营管理陌生，由此产生的风险通常是远远大于多元化经营所带来的利益。纵观国际零售企业的发展历程，它们都是从经营单一业态开始，在建立起核心竞争能力后，才逐步进行地域扩张和多元化发展的。德国ALDI就是这样一家零售企业。它自１９４５年开始经营…     

浅谈食品零售商营销渠道管理

经济发展的同时也伴随着对利益的追求,因此食品安全问题也成为消费者的困扰。而与消费者关系最为密切的零售商也应在营销渠道上作出探索,来满足消费者的需求。文章对食品行业零售商分别从零售业态和零售管理中信息不对称两方面做了分析和探索,以期对零售商面临的食品安全现象提出解决方案。     

零售企业成功经营的战略选择

对于零售企业来说，战略是模仿、试错、幸运所致？抑或是理性的规范分析结果？零售企业的战略是关于这样三个东西的确认和表述：（1）零售目标市场；（2）零售商打算用以满足目标市场需要的零售业态形式；（3）零售商获得持续竞争优势的基础。本认为，成功的零售企业战略是关于上述因素的理性分析的结果。     

跨国零售企业海外经营业态选择影响因素研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

跨国零售企业海外经营扩张过程中,业态地选择是其重要组成部分。本文通过对零售企业业态选择的内部影响因素和外部影响因素进行系统分析,建立了零售企业海外经营业态选择影响因素的数学模型。利用模型定量研究了沃尔玛公司海外市场业态选择情况,得到和实际情况较为一致结果,并与以往的定性研究成果相符合,实证检验了模型的实用性。该模型的建立,可为定量研究零售企业海外经营业态选择影响因素提供新的思路和方法。     

零售业态与消费需求之间的适应性发展探索

零售业态的多元化并存与发展是零售商业为满足最终消费者需求的外在表现形式,零售业态的变革与整合是在逐步围绕"以消费者为本"经营理念下不断创新的结果。我国零售业态演变的基本轨迹显示:消费行为影响并推动零售业态的变革,而零售业态的变革反过来又引导与塑造消费者的消费行为。通过分析零售业态变革与消费行为之间的互动关系,探索我国零售业态与消费需求适应性发展的基本路径。     

美国、日本零售业态的发展特点

美国和日本零售业态的发展具有相同的特点 ,这对发展中国家零售业态的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。本文对美国、日本的零售业态进行研究 ,以期对我国零售业态的发展起到指导作用     

零售业创新经营的历史案例分析

自从加入世贸组织以来,我国零售业取得了长足的进展,同时也承受着来自国际零售巨头越来越大的竞争压力.面对日益严峻的市场态势,原本在资金、规模等方面就处于劣势的我国零售企业只有通过创新经营才有可能在激烈的竞争中占据一席之地.为此,我国零售业在积极吸取国际相关经验的同时,也应加强对本国历史上的成功案例的研究.上海永安公司为旧中国零售业“四大公司”之首,其创立之初也曾面临着来自外资、本土百货公司以及传统零售业的多重压力.由于永安公司锐意进取,不断创新,在组织机构、管理制度以及发展战略上采取了一系列行之有效的措施,从而很快在激烈的市场竞争中脱颖而出,成为旧中国零售企业的翘楚.对于今天处于不断发展壮大的本土零售企业而言,永安公司的创新经验无疑具有巨大的借鉴意义.     

我国社区型便利店的发展分析及营销策略探究

从20世纪90年代初开始,超市这一全新零售模式在中国大地兴起,并展现了特有的生命力和竞争力。当前我国超市的业态模式逐步健全,其中社区型便利店作为极具优势和特色的业态,在我国已经有了长足发展,因此,试分析我国社区型便利店发展现状的基础,探讨更多有效的营销策略。     

我国零售业低碳化发展思路探讨

全球气候变暖迫使各国实行"低碳经济"发展模式,我国也不例外。"低碳化"是零售业未来发展的趋势。我国零售业积极发展低碳化经营是发挥良好的示范作用,彰显社会责任的需要;是应对国内外同行竞争的需要;是节约成本,提高利润的需要。我国零售业在低碳化过程中遇到了一些诸如资金不足、缺少政策支持、消费者不买账等障碍,因此需要采取切实的对策措施,加快我国零售业的低碳化发展。     

Service sharing,profit mode and coordination mechanism in the Online-to-Offline retail market

How does the sharing economy affect the retail industry? This study investigates the impact of service sharing on the decisions and profits of two profit modes in the Online-to-Offline (O2O) retail market. We find that service sharing always improves the profit of the brand supplier as a service demander in both two profit modes, and improves the profit of the offline franchisee as a service provider in the profit-sharing mode under certain circumstances, but always reduces its profit in the non-profit-sharing mode. This is associated with the double marginalisation effect of the non-profit-sharing mode which leads to channel conflicts. Thus, a service-cost sharing mechanism is introduced to coordinate conflicts and achieve a win-win strategy, thereby improving the performance of the entire O2O supply chain.     

The impact of Sunday shopping on employment and hours of work in the retail industry: Evidence from Canada

Between 1980 and 1998 every Canadian province passed legislation that in some way relaxed restrictions on Sunday shopping. This study exploits the variation in deregulation dates between provinces to identify how retail employers adjust employment and hours of work when deciding to open on Sundays. A major complication of this analysis is to first determine for which provinces the deregulation dates are useful indicators of increases in Sunday store openings. This paper uses a unique trading-day regression approach to identify these provinces and then uses aggregate data from the selected provinces to estimate a simple dynamic labour demand model that allows employment and hours to be imperfect substitutes in production. The results suggest that retailers’ needs for Sunday labour were disproportionately satisfied through increases in employment levels. Comparison of the estimates at three levels of the retail industry suggests that the employment and hours gains were larger among general merchandise stores than among more specialized retail establishments and relatively modest at the aggregate retail industry level. In addition, despite evidence of an immediate shortfall in the employment level below the long-run optimal level, the results suggest that firms were unable to compensate by temporarily increasing the hours of their existing employees.     

A structural model of cost pass-through: the case of the US yogurt retailing

We provide a structural framework for retail cost pass-through based on a neoclassical inverse demand model and retail profit maximization conditions. Unlike previous literature where game-theoretic structures are imposed on cost pass-through, our framework allows for estimating cost pass-through and the degree of market competition simultaneously. Further, our model incorporates potential cross-brand effects representing demand substitution and strategic complementarity effects. Our model supplements the traditional reduced-form approach to pass-through and is applicable in environments, where the lack of brand-level cost data renders reduced-form analysis infeasible. The empirical value of our model is illustrated in an econometric analysis of retail pass-through for national and store brand yogurt. Our results indicate that: (1) market competition has a positive impact on own-brand cost pass-through, especially for national brands, and (2) overlooking cross-brand effects results in biased own-brand pass-through estimates. Finally, we provide a graphical illustration of the relationship between cost pass-through and market competition.     

Economies of scale in the Australian tourism industry

The measurement of economies of scale in the tourism industry has not been done to this point, as tourism is not a specific industry according to international statistical standards. Among many industries related to tourism, four sectors (accommodation, transport, retail trade and recreational services) across six states and two territories from 1997 to 2007 are studied as they contribute nearly 70% of tourism output in Australia. By comparing regression results from the Cobb–Douglas (C–D) production function and the translog production function, we find that there is evidence of increasing returns in transport, retail trade and recreational services at the industry level. However, accommodation is characterized by constant returns to scale at the industry level. As accommodation is responsible for the biggest share of tourism output, this suggests that overall the tourism sector is not characterized by increasing returns. We also find that the degrees of returns to scale from the C–D and translog production functions are different and that the imposition of input share also influences the empirical results. Both of these factors stress the importance of model specification to the measurement of economies of scale.     

从商业模式角度看我国家电零售连锁业

改革开放近30年来,我国家电零售业迅猛发展,形成了大型连锁店.近几年来,随着经济全球化的发展和国外大型连锁企业的入驻,我国家电零售连锁企业格局更是风云变幻.在这样的环境下,我国家电零售连锁企业如何保持其现实利益和建立可持续发展优势,是每个家电零售企业都必须要考虑的问题.本文从商业模式的角度,分析了我国家电零售连锁业存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策,以期对我国家电零售连锁业的发展有所启示.     

In search of welfare-improving gifts

Gift giving is thought to decrease welfare. Recipients are sometimes stuck with gifts they would not have purchased because the giver does not perfectly know the recipient's preferences and in-kind gifts cannot be costlessly refunded. Such gifts are welfare reducing compared to giving cash if, in addition, recipients possess full information as to which stores carry their desired goods and the ability to reach these stores costlessly. We replace these two latter assumptions with the more realistic assumptions of uncertainty about the location of goods and search costs. In contrast to existing economic models, gifts in our model enhance expected welfare. Moreover, gift giving cannot be replaced by a profit-maximizing trader nor the introduction of nearby specialty stores carrying gift goods. We use our model to explain a number of stylized facts about gift giving, the organization of retail trade and in-kind government transfers.     

RETURNS TO SCALE IN RETAIL TRADE*

This paper attempts to estimate genuine scale effects in retail trade from a cross section of retail stores in Israel. This is done by estimating a simple production function for several retail branches and employing the faithful old direct Cobb-Douglas structure with value added as output and labor and capital inputs. And indeed despite the well-known peculiarities of the retail industry, a cross section estimation produces “normal” production-function estimates with reasonable input elasticities. The estimates also identify marked increasing returns-to-scale parameters, higher in food and lower in branches less affected by consumer participation and geographical dispersion. These increasing returns may explain a good part of the increase in sales per unit of inputs observed in time series.