Accounting For Financial Instruments: An Overview

The explosion in the growth of derivative financial instruments in recent years is a major cause of concern for accounting standard-setters. This paper considers the reasons for the growth and identifies the accounting problems associated with these instruments. The relevant United States and Australian pronouncements are discussed. Major proposals in ED 59 Financial Instruments are outlined and two critical issues concerning the automatic writedown of financial assets and the treatment of anticipatory hedges are identified. ED 59 contains similar proposals to E 48 issued by the IASC. However, there are some differences between the two documents and these are discussed. The paper also considers possible developments in accounting for financial instruments.     

衍生金融工具会计风险问题研究

针对大多数衍生金融工具为表外业务,无法在财务报表中加以确认和计量的特点,本文讨论了衍生金融工具存在的计量风险,以及采用公允价值方法与及时信息披露方法结合对衍生金融工具计量和披露,由于会计计量属性的原因,会计难以全面披露衍生金融工具的风险,由此讨论如何规避由于采用衍生金融工具而导致的会计风险的方法和措施。     

Implications for the Conceptual Framework Arising From Accounting for Financial Instruments

This article describes some of the issues faced by standard setters in developing guidance on accounting for financial instruments and the implications these issues have for the conceptual framework (CF). The objective is to outline issues, not necessarily to resolve them, and to consider the implications they have for further developing the conceptual framework.
Given the current trend of harmonization and convergence of accounting practice towards international standards, it seems reasonable to assume that any policy implications will be most relevant to the CF inherited by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). ¹ Unless otherwise stated, references will be made to International Accounting Standards (IAS).     

基于会计视角的衍生金融工具特征分析

本文从会计角度出发，对新企业会计准则衍生金融工具的含义进行了思考和研究，通过研究概括出衍生金融工具的特征，从不同的角度和针对不同的相关者，提出了相关的启示和建议。在“悖逆性特征”中，本文指出了目前衍生金融工具的要素确认和基本会计准则在理论上的冲突，并提出了进一步完善的意见。     

衍生金融工具会计问题研究

由于衍生金融工具不符合传统会计理论有关资产和负债的确认条件,而长期被作为表外业务处理。随着衍生金融工具交易的迅猛发展,需要突破传统会计对会计要素的界定,确认衍生金融资产和负债,将其从表外处理变为表内处理。为适合其特点,衍生金融工具的会计确认,分为初始确认、后续确认和终止确认,其会计计量应采用公允价值计量。为维持企业外部利害关系人的利益,对重大的衍生金融工具交易信息应予披露。     

对金融衍生工具系列会计准则征求意见稿的几点认识

金融衍生工具系列会计准则征求意见稿对我国企业日渐增多的金融工具业务的会计处理提供了完整的指引,不仅完善了我国会计准则体系,而且也为国内金融衍生品的发展奠定了坚实的制度基础,但同时还需要进一步完善。     

财务会计与管理会计融合的理论基础

本文认为 ,从根本上来说 ,会计系统是由财务会计和管理会计耦合而成的 ,它是企业管理系统的核心子系统。管理会计是从传统的单一的会计体系中分离出来的 ,甚至可以说是脱胎于传统的财务会计。二者的理论基础有其同源性。财务会计核算的目的在于通过提供信息来影响人们的决策及其行为 ;管理会计只不过运用了一些特殊的方法和技术对企业的生产经营活动及人的行为进行管理和控制。二者统一服务于现代企业会计管理的总体要求 ,共同为实现企业内部经营管理的目标和满足外部各利益相关者的要求服务。会计系统及其发展表现出分化与融合的辨证统一 ,新经济条件下 ,借助于计算机技术与网络技术及现代企业管理理论和人员素质的普遍提高 ,财务会计和管理会计将逐渐融为一体 ,并与系统论、控制论、信息论及行为科学相结合 ,向边缘学科发展。     

Risk Perceptions of Financial Analysts and the Use of Market and Accounting Data

This paper reports the results of a laboratory experiment which attempts to test the relevance of accounting information and other market-related information in a risk-assessment task. Using the Brunswik lens model framework, estimates of ex ante risk on thirty stocks were regressed against nine company-specific cues and one industry variable. The results provide substantial evidence that publically available accounting and financial data convey information relevant for security risk evaluation.     

财务工具论

韩向东:ABC作业成本法作为一个精细化、高难度的工具,在国内企业的应用并不太好,究竟什么样的企业适合用ABC这样工具,要具备什么条件才能够实施,请结合自身情况,谈谈企业对ABC作业成本法这个工具的看法?曹晓风:精细化管理是我们做企业一直追求的。在我看来,财务人员的能力是我们作     

Expected-loss-based Accounting for Impairment of Financial Instruments: The FASB and IASB Proposals 2009–2016

The financial and banking crisis of the late 2000s prompted claims that the incurred-loss method for the recognition of credit losses had caused undesirable delay in the recognition of credit-loss impairment. In the wake of the crisis, the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) worked towards the development of expected-loss-based methods of accounting for credit-loss impairment. Their work included an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to develop a converged FASB/IASB standard on credit-loss impairment. The FASB and IASB eventually developed their own separate expected-loss models to be included, respectively, in a 2016 FASB standard and in the IASB’s 2014 final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. The failure to achieve convergence on an issue of such high profile and materiality has generated some controversy, and it is claimed that it will impose significant costs on the preparers and users of the financial statements of banks. This paper examines the various sets of expected-loss-based proposals issued separately or jointly since 2009 by the FASB and the IASB. It describes and compares key features of the different approaches eventually developed by the two standard setters, referring to issues that arose in arriving at practically workable solutions and to issues that may have impeded FASB/IASB convergence. It also provides information indicative of the possible effect of differences between the two approaches.     

Optimal Financial Instruments

Debt and equity are developed as optimal financial instruments in a model where cash flows and control rights are allocated to investors endogenously. When investment decisions must be made by a single party, the debtholder's cash flows are fixed in order to provide the equityholder with efficient incentives for investment. Ownership of control may be transferred to the debtholder to attenuate the impact of asymmetric information, concerning the investment opportunity, on the efficiency of the decision making.     

“财务管理与管理会计”专题研讨会综述

中国会计学会"财务管理与管理会计"专题研讨会于2005年6月14日至15日在江苏南京召开.本次会议由中国会计学会财务管理专业委员会和成本与管理会计专业委员会联合主办,南京大学会计学系承办.会议开幕式由中国石油天然气集团总会计师、中国会计学会副会长贡华章主持,南京大学常务副校长施建军、江苏省财政厅副厅长江建平、中国会计学会会长迟海滨分别致词.迟海滨会长勉励会计理论工作者紧密结合中国国情和企业实际开展研究,解决现实问题,为我国的现代化建设做出贡献.在中国会计学会秘书长李玉环的主持下,北京工商大学教授谢志华、中国人民大学教授王化成、北京大学教授王立彦、南京大学教授李心合分别做了主题报告.来自全国31所高校、部分大中型企业、政府机关的80余名专家、教授济济一堂,采取主题报告、专家论坛、分组讨论等形式,围绕财务管理与管理会计的国际前沿与中国实践问题,交流看法、论证观点、剖析实务,取得了共识,深化了认识.现将会议观点综述如下.     

管理会计视角下财务管理长效机制研究

本文从管理会计内涵与主要特征出发,将管理会计理念、工具融合到央行财务治理实践中,就建设完善管理会计控制和信息系统、扩展当前会计财务管理控制职能的边界、创新信息支持范式等方面进行了分析,以期提高服务中心工作、融合业务、集中资源和管控风险的财务管理水平。     

关于衍生金融工具的会计处理

为了规避和减少市场风险,衍生金融工具逐渐成为众多国际套利基金和金融机构的重要获利手段。在衍生金融工具的会计处理中,其计量是核心问题。由于金融市场充满极大的不确定性,会计对其风险的监控就尤为重要。自此,衍生金融工具的表内、表外披露问题日益突出。总之,衍生金融工具及所产生的会计问题无论在理论界还是实务界都尤为重要。     

'Fair Value' for Financial Instruments: How Erasing Theory is Leading to Unworkable Global Accounting Standards for Performance Reporting

The LASC is pursuing proposals for accounting for financial instruments that are conceptually flawed and unworkable in practice. Fair value has been elevated to a catch-all concept to resolve measurement issues objectively. Adoption of fair value, as cuwently interpreted by standard-setters (eg, by the FASB in Concepts Statement No. 7, issued in February 2000), threatens to drive out a long-understood, theory-based approach to the rationales for cuwent value accounting — founded on deprival value — that has recently been comprehensively restated in Accounting Theory Monograph 10, issued by the Australian Accounting Research Foundation in 1998, and reaffirmed in the UK Accounting Standards Board's Statement of Principles for Financial Repovting, issued in December 1999.     

慎用衍生金融工具

衍生金融工具的确有着不可抗拒的魅力,但这是双刃剑,小心握好双刃剑,学会风险控制衍生金融工具的产生源于规避风险的需要和金融创新的发展。金融工具包括基本工具和衍生金融工具。衍生金融工具是满足具一种或多种标的物,不要求初始净投资以及在未来日期结算等特征的金融工具或其他合约。基本的衍生金融工具有4种,即远期合约、期货、期权和互换。今天所交易的衍生金融工具不管其在形式上如何精深复杂,大多是基本衍生金融工具最简单形式的组合。衍生金融工具的广泛使用是由于企业经营环境发生了深刻变化,经济全球化正在以前所未有的速度、广度…     

安然公司的衍生金融工具问题

安然公司是全美最大的能源交易公司,首创网上能源交易的方式,与微软和奇异等公司并驾齐驱.然而由于过度地操作衍生性石油金融工具、不当的人为掏空以及失败的投资决策等原因,使得该公司于2001年12月2日申请破产保护,成为美国历史上破产市值最大的公司.     

财务会计与财务管理课程案例分析教学实践

分析了财务会计与财务管理课程存在的问题及开展案例教学的意义,讨论了基于案例教学的财务会计和财务管理分析方法应用,最后对教学过程中存在的问题提出了具体可行的建议.实践表明,案例教学对财务会计与财务管理类课程知识点的消化和吸收有良好的推动作用.     

构建内部会计控制体系充分发挥财务管理作用

武汉钢铁 (集团 )公司是国有特大型钢铁联合企业 ,2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,武钢提出“企业管理以财务管理为中心 ,财务管理以资金管理为中心” ,强化内部会计控制 ,努力提高会计信息的真实性和准确性 ,促进了企业改革目标和经营目标的实现。这份材料是在湖北省召开的武钢公司内部控制现场会的经验介绍材料 ,较为详尽地介绍了武钢公司构建内部会计控制体系 ,充分发挥财务管理作用的做法和经验。理论来源于实践 ,同时指导实践 ,我们希望广大会计理论工作者深入实际 ,结合我国会计改革与发展的实践 ,开展会计理论研究 ,为我国会计改革与发展的实践献言献策 ,努力开创我国会计理论研究的新局面     

Simplified Valuation of Single-Payoff Financial Instruments

Cheung and Chung (1996) presented a set of four basic components that can be used to reconstruct piecewise linear payoff diagrams associated with single-payoff instruments. Arbitrage arguments indicate that this provides a method to value complex financial instruments as the sum of the values of their underlying basic components. We present a modified scheme using two hybrid components which were constructed so that each piecewise linear segment can be replicated independently. This leads to a simple algorithm that is amenable to quick computer implementation.