中国R&D投入的产出效应分析

本文根据知识生产函数理论,构建中国R＆D投入产出的计量模型,通过收集我国1995～2007年研发经费和人员的投入与自主创新能力的有关数据,分析了中国R＆D投入的产出效应,发现：当期研发经费、上一期人员投入与自主创新能力呈显著的正相关;上一期的研发经费与自主创新能力呈显著的负相关;当期研发人员与自主创新能力呈不显著正相关;研发人员的产出弹性要大于研发经费的产出弹性。根据结论,本文提出了有效提高我国自主创新能力的前瞻性对策。     

基于契约理论的政府与企业创新补贴博弈分析

本文针对政府创新补贴背后的逆向选择问题， 将创新补贴看作是政府为企业提供的“契约”， 基于契约理论刻画了不同信息结构下政府和企业的行为和选择， 同时得到了最优政府创新补贴系数和最优企业R＆D 投入水平。研究发现： 企业风险偏好、研发项目的风险、知识产权制度等因素在一定程度上会影响政府补贴系数和企业R＆D 投入水平； 信息不对称下， 政府补贴系数和企业R＆D 投入均有所减少。为了缓解信息不对称带来的低效率， 进一步建立了政府和企业的关系契约， 发现只要贴现因子足够大， 双方可以建立长期合作， 进而实现社会效益的最大化。     

技术领先者进入下的本土企业R＆D合作与政府补贴

为了与跨国巨头进行技术竞争,一般的,政府可以选择R＆D合作和政府补贴。本文考虑一个标准两阶段模型的修改,这里有两个高成本的从事减少成本性R＆D的厂商．并有溢出效应,和一个没有R＆D的低成本厂商进行古诺竞争。我们对厂商进行R＆D合作和对厂商R＆D提供补贴进行比较分析,发现：无论是在竞争还是合作的情况下,补贴随着溢出率增大而降低,补贴随着技术差距的增加而增加。R＆D投入水平、本土企业的产量、总产量随着政府补贴增加而增加,国外企业的产量随着补贴增加而减少。当溢出率较小时,补贴比合作更为有效;当溢出率较大时,合作比补贴更为有效。     

我国企业R＆D投入与R＆D资源获取的摩擦力——基于问卷调查的研究

文章以我国企业转型升级和R＆D价值创造为基础,通过问卷研究了我国企业R＆D投入的困境与R＆D资源获取的成本关系,信息不对称与R＆D融资渠道的摩擦力。得到的主要结论是：对于粗放型发展中成长的＂虚胖＂企业,需要加大研发来瘦身;企业寄期望的R＆D融资渠道并不畅通,原因是严重的信息不对称导致信用缺失,出现很大的摩擦力。对此,企业需要首先通过自有资金,分步骤地通过R＆D价值创造来取得不同阶段R＆D融资的信用证明,并通过研发合作网络,才能有效地降低获取R＆D资源的成本并不断地积累企业研发价值创造的知识。     

高管持股的风险偏爱与R＆D投入动机

从研发投入风险和决策者风险偏爱出发,以委托代理理论为框架,分析高管持股对企业R＆D投入的影响。研究结果显示：股东比管理者更愿意进行R＆D投入,高管持股对企业R＆D投入有激励作用,但这种激励在持股比例很低时不显著,只有当高管持股达到0．1％时,R＆D投入强度才显著提高。这说明对高风险的研发投入,只有那些与企业长远发展相关的利益群体,首先是股东,其次是持股达到一定比例的高管才有动机加大R＆D投入．促进企业的创新。     

政府补贴对企业净研发投入的影响及其异质性

政府补贴能否促进企业创新是近年来财政学领域争论较多的问题之一。本文以制造业上市公司及新三板挂牌公司2012～2021年的数据为样本,分析了政府补贴对总研发投入、净研发投入的影响及其异质性。本文发现整体而言政府补贴对企业净研发投入并不具有挤入效应,且整体上呈倒U型。异质性方面,政府补助对国有企业的净研发投入促进效果小于非国有企业;规模较大企业取得政府补助后其投入研发补贴的倾向更高;政府补助在整体上能够促进西部企业的研发活动,中部地区政府补贴对净研发投入存在较明显的挤出效应,东部地区政府补贴对净研发投入无显著促进效应。     

财政补贴、外源融资与我国集成电路企业自主研发

本文研究财政补贴对我国集成电路企业自主研发及所需外源融资的影响， 并检验外源融资在财政补贴影响自主研发时可能存在的中介及调节效应。 回归结果表明， 财政补贴对我国集成电路企业自主研发投入的影响显著， 对专利产出影响不显著； 财政补贴能显著促进企业获得研发所需的股权融资；两种外源融资中股权融资在补贴促进研发时既有直接的中介效应也有间接的调节效应， 而银行信贷仅发挥调节效应； 现行政策对环渤海、 中西部、 珠三角和长三角地区的激励效果依次降低； 对封装测试、 制造、设计和装备材料环节的激励效果依次降低； 政府补助市场化运行方式有利于资金效率的提高； 财政补贴对员工和资产规模较大企业研发的激励效果更好。     

投入结构对我国科技产出的效应分析

科技产出不仅受投入资本和研发人员数量影响,也受投入结构影响。通过收集我国1990～2012年间科技产出、投入总量和结构数据,运用生产函数分析了投入结构对科技产出规模和要素效率的影响。研究发现：研发支出、试验发展支出、企业研发投入、高校研发人员等比例扩大对科技产出规模具有显著正向效应,应用研究支出、政府科技投入、高校研发支出、研究机构人员等比例对产出规模呈负向效应;研发人员与资本具有明显的替代关系,研发支出、基础研究支出、机构研发支出、企业研发支出、试验发展人员和企业研发人员等比例提高对研发人员效率有正向效应,但对资金效率呈负向效应,随后,模拟分析了投入结构调整对科技产出的影响。     

我国半导体显示产业财政补贴效应及研发效率研究

本文对我国半导体显示产业财政补贴效应和研发效率进行研究， 分析了财政补贴对企业 自主研发投入的诱导效应以及研发投入与研发产出之间的关系， 探讨了显示面板集成企业和上游企业财政 补贴对自主研发投入诱导效应的异质性和研发效率的异质性， 同时研究了财政补贴对企业自主研发投入的 滞后性以及研发投入对研发产出的滞后性。 研究发现： 财政补贴对企业自主研发投入具有明显的诱导效 应； 企业研发投入和研发产出显著正相关； 财政补贴对上游企业自主研发投入的诱导性强于面板集成组装 企业； 财政补贴对企业自主研发投入的影响以及研发投入对产出的影响均具有一定的滞后性。 本文为提升 我国半导体显示产业竞争力提供了政策参考， 对我国其他高科技产业的发展和产业政策的制定具有一定的 参考借鉴意义。     

高新技术企业创新风险投资绩效研究 ——以我国新能源上市企业为例

本文基于 2004～2017 年新能源上市企业非平衡面板数据， 利用固定效应和随机效应模型分析政府补贴、 风险投资对创新绩效的影响机制。 实证结果表明， 政府补贴和风险投资对企业创新绩效均存在激励效应， 其中研发投入能部分中介风险投资对创新绩效的影响， 并完全中介政府补贴对创新绩效的影响。 此外， 企业的内部控制风险承受能力负向调节风险投资和政府补贴对企业研发投入的影响。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.     

A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

面向对象的程序设计

用Ｃ＋ ＋ 语言阐述面向对象程序设计中封装和继承的概念以及在实际中怎样运用这些概念提高程序设计水平。     

Cost allocation of WCDMA and wholesale pricing for mVoIP and data services

This study estimates cost-based prices for wholesale voice and data services provided to 3G (WCDMA) MVNOs according to their distinct types. For estimation, 3G MVNOs are classified into different types, and the overall cost of WCDMA facilities are separated into voice and data components based on their subscriber rates, actual traffic rates, as well as efficiency consideration of traffic rates. The study then calculates cost-based wholesale prices of voice and data services for each of the 3G MVNO types. The result of this study shows that a cost-plus pricing scheme can help achieve the policy goals of the regulator, namely, lowering telecommunications tariffs and facilitating the introduction of new convergent-type services, far more effectively than the current retail-minus pricing scheme. The findings of this study may assist firms in developing business models based on 3G networks and telecom regulators in designing policies related to interconnection, mVoIP, prepaid calls, wholesale services, and network neutrality.