中小企业技术创新存在的问题及对策

技术创新是企业抓住市场的潜在盈利机会,重新组织生产条件和要素,建立起效能更强的生产经营系统.本文从技术创新的角度,分析了我国企业在技术创新方面存在的主要问题,提出了发展我国企业技术创新的相关对策建议:确立企业技术创新主体地位;建设企业技术创新支撑体系;加大技术创新投入;完善企业人才激励机制,实现创新人才的市场价值.     

信息产业的垄断形成机理及其反垄断政策研究

本文从信息产业最基本的特征人手,通过建立理论模型研究信息产业垄断的形成机理,并结合微软、苹果和谷歌的案例,分析垄断力量的形成以及反垄断新格局的出现,并在此基础上得出反垄断政策。在以信息技术为代表的当代信息产业,垄断具有了新的特征,即对于建立在专利技术之上的技术标准的垄断。信息时代反垄断面临着如何解决标准的公共产品性和专利技术的私有性之间的矛盾,如何在促进公共利益的同时又不妨害企业创新的激励,反垄断政策需要作相应的改变。我们主张,反垄断政策在真实网络领域和虚拟网络领域应该有所不同。在真实网络领域,反垄断政策应以引入竞争为主;而在虚拟网络领域,政府应尽可能促进垄断性技术（标准）的开放,有效限制垄断者的反竞争行为,并在鼓励技术创新和促进社会福利提高之间找到恰当的均衡;同时应适当限制垄断产品的价格。除了反垄断措施以外,促进竞争性技术创新的市场环境对于瓦解垄断势力和限制垄断行为具有重要作用。     

中小企业技术创新存在的问题及对策

技术创新是企业抓住市场的潜在盈利机会,重新组织生产条件和要素,建立起效能更强的生产经营系统。本文从技术创新的角度,分析了我国企业在技术创新方面存在的主要问题,提出了发展我国企业技术创新的相关对策建议:确立企业技术创新主体地位;建设企业技术创新支撑体系;加大技术创新投入;完善企业人才激励机制,实现创新人才的市场价值。     

基于网络组织的反垄断研究

网络组织的出现是企业适应新的环境变化,实现组织创新的结果。把握企业组织网络化的趋势,对反垄断政策顺应时代变化有着重要意义,对我国正在制定中的《反垄断法》也有现实借鉴意义。文章通过对网络组织所带来的市场结构及市场竞争方式的变化进行分析,指出网络组织以及合作性竞争的企业关系对反垄断带来的影响及反垄断的政策取向。     

熊彼特的竞争理论及其启示

熊彼特的竞争理论表明,短期限制竞争可以激励和保护创新,而完全竞争并不适合创新。熊彼特理论没有颠覆传统的反垄断范式,但调整了它的重心和内部结构,使得反垄断关注的重点从静态转向动态、从相关市场转向创新活动、从市场份额和集中度转向进入壁垒。     

我国电信企业技术创新能力提升初探

随着竞争的加剧,技术创新的重要性日益凸现,本文分析了我国电信企业创新能力低下的现状和根源,指出基于民营化改革破除行政性垄断为电信企业的技术创新排除了障碍,并提出通过构建有效竞争的市场格局、完善科技人员的激励机制及基于引进的创新等提升电信企业技术创新能力的思路。     

竞争政策对企业技术创新的影响——基于公平竞争审查制度的准自然实验

公平竞争审查制度是规制行政垄断,强化竞争政策基础地位,推动有为政府和有效市场建设的重要保障。本文从限制行政垄断型的竞争政策角度出发,分析公平竞争审查制度对企业技术创新的激励效应。论文以公平竞争审查制度实施作为准自然实验,利用2011—2020年沪深A股制造业上市公司数据构造双重差分模型,结果表明,公平竞争审查制度的技术创新激励效应十分显著。机制分析显示,公平竞争审查制度能够提升行业竞争水平、降低企业制度性交易成本和企业间信贷资源误配程度,从而提高企业的技术创新水平。并且公平竞争审查制度对民营大企业和受中低补贴程度的企业有显著的创新激励效应,一定程度上能够弱化行政垄断的所有制歧视和提高补贴政策的中性作用。进一步分析表明,公平竞争审查制度的创新效率增进效应显著,但创新资源配置效应整体不明显,分行业检验发现,公平竞争审查制度对产业集中度高、分工联系紧密和创新力较强行业的创新资源配置效率提升显著。本文对我国统筹竞争政策与创新政策、协调政府与市场关系、改进企业创新激励等方面具有重要意义。     

我国中小企业技术创新的战略选择

我国的中小企业随着我国步入国际市场步伐的加快,面对日益激烈的国内、国外竞争市场,技术创新的战略选择至关重要。 一、对中小企业技术创新理论的认识 1.熊彼特的创新理论:大企业优势论。技术创新是在熊彼特创新理论基础上发展起来的。熊彼特在1947年发表的《资本主义、社会主义和民主》一书中,强调不完全     

基于SCP理论范式的软件产业市场特征分析

全球软件产业在市场结构、市场行为和市场绩效上表现出与传统产业不同的组织特点。从软件产业的整体来看,市场集中度并不高,但具体到某类软件产品时,软件产业的市场集中度却非常高,并且企业之间竞争激烈;软件企业采用的主要是技术创新竞争、价格竞争、广告竞争、兼并等产业组织调整行为。我国绝大多数软件企业的利润率远远低于美、日、欧等软件产业发达国家的软件产业,这主要是由于核心技术缺乏所导致的产业竞争力薄弱。     

地方政府创新竞争与企业创新

随着创新驱动发展战略的深入实施,技术创新逐渐成为新的官员晋升标尺,地方政府的竞争格局也在悄然发生变化,并通过"有形之手"影响企业创新活动.基于2007-2018年中国A股上市公司和地级市数据的实证研究表明,地方政府科技支出存在策略互补型竞争,且竞争在2013-2018年、主官处于第二任期、东部地区的样本中更加明显.这表明,创新竞争已成为地方政府之间新的竞争模式.进一步分析发现,政府创新竞争显著促进了企业技术创新,这种激励作用随着企业创新水平的提高呈现出先增长后减弱的倒U型特征.机制检验结果则表明,政府围绕科技创新展开竞争会提高企业创新补贴、税收优惠和地区产业集聚水平,从内部和外部两个层面改善企业创新环境,从而推动企业技术创新.     

Merger policy in innovative industries

We analyze optimal merger policy in R&D-intensive industries with product innovation aiming to improve the quality of products. Our results suggest that a permissive merger policy is rarely optimal in high-tech industries when the antitrust authority considers a welfare standard that balances the impact of mergers on consumers’ surplus and firms’ profits. In particular, relative to a benchmark where the effects from R&D are absent, we show that the optimal merger policy should not be substantially more permissive in the presence of those effects from R&D.     

论我国企业合并的反垄断控制

过度的企业合并会限制甚至消灭市场竞争,因此,保持市场的有效竞争需要反垄断立法。反垄断法合并控制应关注整 体经济效率;合并控制的实质性标准是产生或加强市场支配地位;而符合反垄断禁止标准同时又存在法定豁免事由的的合并有 可能会被批准     

Mergers in the food retailing sector: An empirical investigation

We address the problem of merger evaluation, for competition policy purposes, in the retailing sector. The likely effects of a possible merger are analysed ex ante. The novelty of the paper lies in the inclusion of downstream and upstream market power effects on the retailers. Also, it provides an empirical application to the Portuguese food retailing market. The effects of additional concentration on prices are estimated, as well as the price reduction insiders are likely to obtain via an improved bargaining position. The final effect on prices depends on how these cost reductions are reflected in insiders’ prices, i.e., on the pass-through rate. For realistic values of this rate we find that the merger in question will most likely increase consumer prices and, therefore, should not be allowed on an antitrust legislation basis.     

Firm-specific cost savings and market power

Summary. We report a policy experiment that illustrates a potential problem of using historical pass-through rates as a means of predicting the competitive consequences of projected firm-specific cost savings in antitrust contexts, particularly in merger analysis. The effects of cost savings on welfare can vary vastly, depending on how the savings affect the industry supply schedule. In a capacity-constrained price-setting oligopoly, we observe that cost savings can overwhelm behaviorally salient market power incentives when the savings affect marginal (high cost) units. However, cost savings of the same magnitude on an infra-marginal unit leave market power unchanged.     

Stackelberg竞争结构中质量提高型创新技术授权和企业兼并

本文基于Stackelberg双头垄断竞争模型,分析比较了质量提高型创新技术拥有企业的技术授权策略和企业兼并。研究结果表明:不论技术拥有企业是市场先行者还是跟随者,其总是偏向于企业兼并,而不会选择固定费用授权方式;如果政府禁止企业的兼并行为,那么当技术拥有企业在市场中是产量跟随者时,其愿意以提成许可方式进行技术授权;从社会福利角度考虑,技术授权可提高社会福利,而企业兼并一般不利于社会福利的提高,只有当创新技术拥有企业是Stackelberg竞争结构中的产量跟随者且其创新规模较大时,企业兼并才可提高社会福利。     

How effective is European merger control?

This paper applies an intuitive approach based on stock market data to a unique dataset of large concentrations during the period 1990–2002 to assess the effectiveness of European merger control. The basic idea is to relate announcement and decision abnormal returns. Under a set of four maintained assumptions, merger control might be interpreted to be effective if rents accruing due to the increased market power observed around the merger announcement are reversed by the antitrust decision, i.e. if there is a negative relation between announcement and decision abnormal returns. To clearly identify the events' competitive effects, we explicitly control for the market expectation about the outcome of the merger control procedure and run several robustness checks to assess the role of our maintained assumptions. We find that only outright prohibitions completely reverse the rents measured around a merger's announcement. On average, remedies seem to be only partially capable of reverting announcement abnormal returns. Yet they seem to be more effective when applied during the first rather than the second investigation phase and in subsamples where our assumptions are more likely to hold. Moreover, the European Commission appears to learn over time.     

INDUSTRY TRADE BALANCE AND DOMESTIC MERGER POLICY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM U.S. MERGER POLICY FOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS

The literature on antitrust in an open-economy setting is inconclusive with respect to the role played by trade balance on the tenor of domestic merger policy. Using a panel dataset composed of U.S. merger reviews by industrial sector over the 1982–2001 period, I empirically test the impact of sectoral trade balance on the level of antitrust scrutiny. The results suggest that larger trade balances lead to more vigorous antitrust scrutiny; thus "strategic" merger policy does not appear evident, and consumer surplus appears to guide U.S. merger policy even under the lure of international competitive gains.     

Mergers and innovation: evidence from a panel of US firms*

Mergers lead to larger firms and a less competitive market structure, but their effects on innovation are not clear. Mergers may improve innovation incentives by promoting economies of scope and scale, R&D activities, and increasing the ability to deal with uncertainties. However, mergers may also discourage innovation by reducing competition, increasing costs, and decreasing production and R&D efficiencies. In this study, we investigate merger impacts on innovation using a panel data consisting of four different data sets on publicly traded US manufacturing firms from 1980 to 2003. Our proxy for innovation is based on citation-weighted patent stocks. In our estimation model, we control for endogeneity using instrumental variables and factors such as market share, size, industry, and time. We find that mergers are positively and significantly correlated with firms’ innovation. Our findings also indicate that merger effect on innovation is heterogeneous across industries, increases with market share, and is greater in the long run. Our findings are robust to alternative measures of innovation.     

跨国并购的技术创新机理研究——海尔集团并购FPA案例研究

跨国技术并购中的知识转移能够提升企业创新绩效,但作为并购方的中国企业在技术上并没有并购对象先进,这就导致并购企业不能有效地管理知识转移过程。为明确在跨国技术并购中知识转移促进技术创新的内在机制,并解释知识一致性、战略互补性、组织匹配性等因素对于知识转移效率的影响机制,本文采用案例研究的方法,以海尔集团并购FPA为研究对象,研究中国企业通过跨国并购实现技术创新机理。结果表明,跨国技术并购过程中知识一致性、资源互补性、组织匹配性等因素,有助于并购企业间的知识转移,并最终提升了并购企业的创新绩效。知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性增强了知识转移对于企业创新绩效的影响。从知识转移研究的角度看,知识一致性能够提升吸收能力,并降低知识转移的成本。从并购研究的视角看,战略互补性、组织匹配性则为知识转移提供了保障机制。最后,本文提出我国企业通过跨国并购战略获取关键技术的过程中,应该评估与并购对象的知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性,能够提升并购企业的吸收能力,增强并购双方的跨组织创新网络与联系,使得知识转移更加容易在并购企业双方之间发生,最终提升并购企业的创新绩效。     

Market Structure, Efficiency and Rising Consolidation of the Banking Industry in the Euro Area

Four factors are fundamentally altering the financial landscape in the Euro Area: deregulation, further disintermediation provoked by the common currency and common monetary policy, technological advances and increased competition from non‐bank intermediaries. Faced with the combined pressures of these factors, banks are devising strategies to do business in this new environment. They respond by attempting to improve their efficiency and/or market power through consolidation and balance sheet restructuring. This article examines whether the ongoing process of consolidation should be rationalized on the basis of the benefits of economies of scale and scope or to the attempt of banks to tackle excess capacity problems. Empirical findings reveal a significant effect of efficiency measures on banking profitability indices. Also, we argue that further disintermediation caused by common currency and common monetary policy poses a threat to banks' profitability. Finally, these results have some implications for merger and antitrust policy as well as for supervisory and regulatory practices.