Exchange rate and foreign GDP elasticities of Swiss exports across sectors and destination countries

This article uses a detailed breakdown of Swiss trade flows to identify how the impact of the two main determinants of Switzerland’s exports – foreign demand and the real exchange rate – varies across sectors and export destinations. Our main findings are that (i) both foreign demand and exchange rate elasticities vary substantially across both export sectors and export destinations. (ii) Foreign demand trends are more important for structural considerations than the exchange rate. This is due to the fact that exports of the two largest export sectors are relatively sensitive to long-run foreign demand developments while they are relatively insensitive to changes in the exchange rate. (iii) The sectoral structure of Switzerland’s exports has shifted towards goods that have a lower short-run demand elasticity and a higher long-run demand elasticity. Goods exports are thus less influenced by business cycle fluctuations while they benefit more from long-term growth trends. (iv) The export share of sectors with a relatively low exchange rate elasticity has increased. However, this result is mainly driven by the strong rise in exports of chemicals and pharmaceuticals as well as precision instruments and watches, which are also the two important sectors responsible for the Swiss trade surplus.     

欧债危机与中国出口贸易的动态变化——基于细分贸易方式和商品类别的经验研究

本文梳理了欧债危机对出口贸易影响的作用机制,在此基础上采用我国2008年10月至2011年12月的月度数据,从出口的目标市场、细分商品分类以及贸易方式等多个维度进行了深入的实证研究。研究结果表明：（1）外需冲击是欧债危机影响我国出1：2贸易的最主要因素,国外需求对于我国总体出口的短期弹性和长期弹性分别为2．1和3．1,说明欧债危机引起的国外需求下降对总体出口的影响存在一定的时滞效应。（2）汇率和融资成本因素在本轮欧债危机中,对我国出口贸易的影响则相对较小。（3）外需冲击对不同目标市场、不同产品类别以及不同贸易方式出口的影响程度均存在显著的差异。此外,国外需求是我国出口贸易变动的格兰杰原因。     

Voluntary Export Restraints under Imperfect Competition

The paper studies the effects of a change in the level of voluntary export restraints (VERs) on the behavior of the domestic firm and on the welfare of the importing country. The author constructs a simple two‐country Cournot duopoly model in which each firm produces a homogeneous good at constant marginal cost. It is shown that the results obtained by predecessors based on linear demand, constant‐elasticity demand, strategic substitutes and so forth all emerge as special cases.     

Inflation and the Exchange Rate: The Role of Aggregate Demand Elasticity

This paper examines the effect of aggregate demand elasticity on the exchange rate when inflation occurs. We discover that both the source of the inflation, whether demand-pull or cost-push, and the elasticity of aggregate demand with respect to the price level, are of consequence for the exchange rate. We obtain two primary conclusions. First, the effect on the exchange rate of cost push inflation is ambiguous and is partially determined by the price level elasticity of aggregate demand. In particular, and assuming that the two examined countries have equivalent aggregate supply elasticities, we conclude that the nation with the less elastic aggregate demand function will see its currency appreciate relative to the other. Second, demand-pull inflation results in an unambiguous increase in the exchange rate but the size of that increase is partially a function of aggregate demand elasticity. Assuming again that two countries have equivalent aggregate supply elasticities, that country with the more elastic aggregate demand will experience currency appreciation.     

人民币实际有效汇率变动对我国进出口贸易影响的实证研究——基于1995-2011年数据

本文采用基于VAR的Johansen协整检验和向量误差修正（VEC）模型实证分析了人民币实际有效汇率变动对我国进出口贸易的长期静态影响及短期动态影响。结果发现,长期进出口贸易的汇率弹性均不显著,进口的汇率弹性较大,出口几乎无汇率弹性;长期进出口贸易的变化主要由国内外收入决定;短期内,进出口的汇率弹性同为负,即汇率贬值,进出口均增加,汇率升值降低出口的同时,进口也会下降且下降幅度大于出口的减少;而且向长期均衡调整的力度较小。因此说明单纯的汇率调整不能有效改善我国的贸易不平衡问题。     

A 'pricing-to-market' model with unobserved variables: explaining New Zealand's import prices

A model of ‘pricing-to-market’ (PTM) behaviour in import prices is developed for a small open economy to allow for two measurement problems: (i) that neither the marginal production cost of imported goods nor their corresponding (foreign-currency) export price are observable by the econometrician; (ii) that PTM behaviour, if it exists, alters the relationship between foreign countries' export price indices for total exports and the true, unobservable price index. The analysis shows that variations in the measured markup on import prices depends on the degree to which domestic demand is synchronized with world demand, whether bilateral exchange rate movements are due to domestic or foreign factors, and on the degree to which PTM behaviour differs from such behaviour in other countries. Equations estimated for the price of New Zealand (NZ) imports from the US strongly supports the model, and finds that the degree of PTM by US exporters in response to price and exchange rate movements is substantially greater in NZ than the average for other countries. However, the degree of PTM in NZ in response to excess demand is similar to that of other countries.     

中国钢铁长期需求:影响因素与政策选择

近年来,我国钢铁工业得到了长足的发展。但随着国内外市场供求关系变化,钢铁工业供求结构不相适应的矛盾日益显现。钢铁工业要实现可持续发展,必须重视对市场长期需求规律的研究,将数量增长和产品结构调整相结合。本文利用协整方程对市场经济条件下经济增长等因素对我国钢铁工业推动作用进行动态分析,探讨钢铁市场的长期需求规律,对于当前钢铁产业政策发展导向、政策选择等提出建议。     

Structural changes in exports of an emerging economy: Case of Turkey

This paper indicates that Turkish exports are subject to structural changes as Turkey integrates into global production networks. Integration, which leads vertical specialization in production and changes in the commodity composition of Turkish exports in favor of non-traditional commodities, paces up during economic reform periods. As the export shares of non-traditional commodities, which have higher import and income sensitivity but lower real exchange rate elasticity, increases, coefficients of the aggregate export function change accordingly. Nevertheless, high import and income elasticity of exports imply that the global growth pattern plays a significant role in determining exports of Turkey.     

人民币升值能解决美国对华贸易赤字吗?——基于1994～2005年间月度数据的贸易弹性分析

文章以1994年1月到2005年3月的月度数据为样本,用ARDL框架下的协整方法,对中美贸易的收入弹性和实际汇率弹性进行了经验分析。分析后发现:第一,我国对美进出口的收入弹性都是显著的,并且我国对美国出口的收入弹性约为我国从美进口的收入弹性的6倍,但是我国对美进口和出口的实际汇率弹性都是不显著的。因此,文章认为人民币汇率对中美贸易没有显著影响,人民币汇率升值将无法改善美国的对华贸易收支。     

ω‐Homothetic Preferences: Theory and Applications

This paper develops a new class of homothetic preferences which generate Marshallian demand curves for individual goods which can be concave, convex or linear in own price under the assumption that agents treat aggregate price indices as given (as in Dixit‐Stiglitz, 1977). The preferences are represented by a cost function which has two parameters: one determining the curvature of the Marshallian demand; the other determining the elasticity of demand when all prices are equal. The elasticity of demand varies with relative prices. Illustrative examples are given of Cournot duopoly and exchange rate pass‐through.     

EXPORT SUBSIDIES VERSUS EXPORT QUOTAS WITH INCOMPLETELY INFORMED POLICY MAKERS*

This paper analyses export subsidies (price incentives) and export quotas (quantity controls) in the Brander‐Spencer (1985) model when policy makers have limited information on demand and cost structures. We examine necessary or sufficient information for policy makers to determine welfare‐enhancing policies. It is crucial that they know the elasticity value of the slope of the inverse demand curve and the market share. It is also shown that for policy makers, export quotas are superior to export subsidies under certain conditions.     

Export Subsidies and Exchange Rate Pass‐through

This paper investigates effects of exchange rate on optimal trade policies and market prices within a standard export subsidy model. Shifts in exchange rate change relative efficiencies of firms in different countries. We show that depreciation of own currency increases subsidy levels when marginal cost is constant. Import dependency weakens this relationship, decreasing sensitivity of subsidy levels to depreciation. In general, subsidies reduce exchange rate pass‐through. Additionally, perverse exchange rate pass‐through effect arises with sufficiently intensive subsidies.     

影响中国出口贸易的主导因素分析

本文采用自回归分布滞后模型和边限检验方法,利用1997年1季度至2008年4季度的数据估计了中国进出口贸易需求的收入弹性、价格弹性和汇率弹性,结果发现国外收入变化是影响中国出口的主要因素,产品价格对出口的影响较小,而人民币汇率波动对出口的影响不确定。因此,如果采取低价格促进出口的措施,不仅是低效的,而且是得不偿失的。转向以内需驱动为主的经济增长方式,是中国经济发展的必然战略选择。     

The Antonelli Versus Hicks Elasticity of Complementarity and Inverse Input Demand Systems

A true measure of input substitution associated with exogenous changes in input quantities requires that the output level be held constant. To this effect, this study presents the Antonelli elasticity of complementarity characterised by the distance function. The more common Hicks elasticity of complementarity assumes that marginal cost is constant and hence does not capture pure substitution effects. The two elasticities of complementarity are related to inverse demand systems and are shown to be equivalent under constant returns to scale. A framework for estimating the Antonelli elasticity from the uncompensated demand system is presented. Estimation results reveal substantial bias of input substitutability with the use of Hicks' measure.     

人民币外部实际汇率的产业结构效应*

本文对人民币外部实际汇率的产业结构效应进行了理论和实证分析。理论分析表明,外部实际汇率贬值通过成本效应、支出转移效应直接提升净出口,出口部门需求上升通过产业分工效应、收入效应和城镇化效应间接带动其他部门、其他产业的产出。实证检验显示,外部实际汇率贬值总体上有利于提升工业产出,但外需变化对工业产出的影响要比外部实际汇率显著;外部实际汇率可提升服务业产出但有明显时滞。     

美国经济波动对我国出口贸易影响的实证分析

本文在分析2005年到2009年度美国经济和我国出口的相关数据的基础上,运用协整检验、VAR模型、脉冲响应函数和误差修正模型等分析研究了需求、供给、汇率3方面6个因子对出口的影响程度。研究结果表明,美国市场需求、我国进口、国内原材料价格与我国出口贸易正相关,而国内劳动力成本、我国工业增加值增速、人民币汇率与出口负相关。针对近期出口增速下滑的情况,文章认为应进一步采取措施转变外贸发展方式,促进产业结构优化升级,扩大内需的同时拓展新兴市场,并稳定人民币汇率。     

An economic evaluation of market development programmes for US dairy products

‘This study measured the effectiveness of US dairy export promotion programmes on increasing foreign demand and enhancing producers’ revenues. An import demand equation based on panel data was used to test whether export promotion has a positive and significant impact on US dairy exports. The effects of various promotion scenarios on the dairy market were then simulated, and benefit–cost ratios (BCRs) for these programmes were estimated. There were three key findings. First, the combined effort of public and private dairy export promotion expenditures had a positive and statistically significant impact on demand for US dairy products in the world market. The findings indicated that export promotion stimulated total dairy exports by 4.14 billion pounds, on average, per year, which represented 55.8% of total exports. Second, US dairy export promotion has been highly profitable for the nation’s dairy farmers. The calculated BCRs, based on assumed elasticity of supply, ranged from a low of 8.54 for the most elastic assumption to a high of 30.12. Third, from an optimality standpoint, dairy farmers are underinvesting in export promotion. The marginal BCRs ranged from a low of 3.79 to a high of 15.22, which means that, at the margin, increasing export promotion expenditures would be profitable for dairy farmers.     

预期作用下人民币汇率对出口价格的非线性传递效应研究

对外贸易中贸易款项的支付大多数都在远期,因此对未来汇率变化幅度的预期,会影响汇率对出口价格的传递效应,从而导致汇率传递出现非线性特点。本文对此进行了理论分析,结果显示,预期未来汇率变化幅度较大时,汇率对出口价格的传递程度会下降甚至可能出现负向传递。实证部分本文使用STR模型分析了1999年1月—2016年7月在汇率预期的作用下人民币汇率对出口价格的传递效应。研究发现当人民币汇率预期变动幅度较小时,汇率传递系数为正,人民币汇率升值会导致出口价格上涨,贬值导致出口价格的下降。但是当人民币预期汇率的变化幅度达到一定的阈值后,人民币汇率升值会导致出口价格下降,而贬值会导致出口价格上涨。因此货币当局有必要关注汇率预期尤其是大幅度汇率变化预期的存在对进出口价格和需求的影响。     

汇率波动冲击下的公司内贸易

本文借鉴Dornbusch(1987)模型,通过建立投资国-受资国-国际市场的三国框架,分析多国汇率冲击对跨国企业公司内贸易的影响。研究表明:(1)受资国汇率的单边波动对公司内贸易余额的影响取决于汇率的出口数量弹性、价格弹性以及母公司在跨国生产中附加值比重;(2)当投资国和受资国汇率均出现波动时,公司内贸易的综合汇率弹性等于加权的单边汇率弹性;(3)市场结构因素在决定汇率对公司内贸易传导效果中起重要作用。     

论我国现阶段的汇率政策——兼谈人民币应否贬值问题

目前发生的通货紧缩,总需求不足的根本原因在于总需求发生流程梗阻。因此,以扩大内需为主的支出增减型政策如财政政策货币政策的效果是有限的。中国的经济改革的深入进行需要一个比较高的经济增长速度,在内需难以启动的条件下,只能由外需即净出口的扩大来完成这一任务。汇率政策便成为最优的选择。本文的研究表明,人民币汇率变动对经济增长的贡献度是很高的。人民币贬值有其必要性及可行性。