Subprime Lenders and Mortgage Market Completion

Without a subprime market, some borrowers by virtue of poor credit history, unstable income, and other characteristics are unable to qualify for a mortgage. With a subprime market, there is a more complete credit supply schedule with the market pricing for poorer credit quality in the mortgage rate. By completing the capital market, subprime lenders reduce borrowing constraints. The result is a social welfare gain. Low-credit applicants otherwise denied funding are able to qualify by paying higher interest rates in exchange for offering more equity or lower loan-to-value ratios. This prediction is consistent with the subprime applicants financing or refinancing their mortgages at relatively low loan-to-value ratios.     

商业银行信贷运行机制变迁及其绩效分析

随着内外部制度的变迁,中国商业银行在信贷运行机制方面进行了大量改革,这些改革对信贷资金的供给行为产生了非常深刻的影响。本文对信贷运行机制变迁各阶段的主要特征进行了归纳和描述,将制度变迁因素引入信贷行为的研究中,并就信贷运行机制变迁对银行宏观绩效、产业绩效和微观绩效所产生的影响进行了实证分析。最后本文总结了现行信贷运行机制的缺陷,并提出了进一步改革的政策建议。     

我国商业银行信贷亲周期性与逆周期监管政策探析

伴随着宏观经济前进的步伐,我国银行业市场化进程也在加速,商业银行取得了巨大发展,同时其顺周期性也逐步凸显。本文用实证分析验证了我国商业银行信贷的亲周期性。在世界各国实施宏观审慎监管政策的背景下,我国商业银行的逆周期监管就显得尤其重要。     

关于商业银行金融市场业务风险管理的研究

商业银行是我国金融系统中的重要组成部分,为地区的经济建设做出了很大的贡献,但是商业银行的发展也受到了种种因素的制约,尤其是在金融市场领域,风险巨大,管理起来问题较多。本文对这些风险所产生的原因进行了简要总结,并提出了一些促进商业银行金融市场业务开展的办法,希望能为相关单位提供参考。     

商业银行助学贷款的风险形成与防范机制研究

助学贷款是我国高等教育的重要资助体系之一。商业银行经营助学贷款具有风险大、成本高和收益低的特点。本文阐述了助学贷款政策变迁过程中商业银行的风险变化,从五个方面分析了商业银行助学贷款的风险形成机制,进而提出构建和完善商业银行助学贷款的风险防范机制。     

十二五期间如何优化商业银行信贷结构

为了应对国际金融危机,2009年中国政府采取了投资拉动政策,商业银行也加大了信贷投放,信贷资产规模急剧增加,存量资产和新增资产的结构发生了一些变化。尽管股改以来商业银行信贷结构趋于优化,但是仍存在房地产业、地方政府融资平台、部分风险较高行业的贷款规模偏大等问题,未来商业银行调整信贷结构应从以下六方面着手:科学配置信贷资源;通过信贷增量优化带动存量优化;创新中间业务,带动传统业务发展;依托产业价值链,引导信贷资金投向;关注金融生态变化,明确信贷优先投放区域;紧紧围绕"十二五"规划,把握贷款行业投向。     

我国商业银行资本充足率与风险资产关系研究

资本充足率管理是商业银行风险管理的核心。本文构建了反映我国商业银行资本充足率和风险资产关系的模型,对我国商业银行资本充足率和风险资产之间的关系进行分析。结果发现:商业银行资本充足率的变化会引起资本结构的变化,从而对风险资产产生影响。风险资产的变化又会对资本充足率产生影响。商业银行资本充足率与风险资产这种相互影响的关系为商业银行风险资产管理提供了理论依据。     

基于借款人保护视角的住房按揭贷款业务分析

文章在揭示住房按揭贷款的内涵与本质的基础上,总结出现阶段我国住房按揭贷款业务中借款人面临的主要问题有:开发商虚假承诺为业主办理按揭贷款、商业银行实施强制保险问题、商业贷款与公积金贷款问题、等额本金还款法与等额本息还款法的利息负担等。针对这些问题产生的原因以及影响,文章从保护借款人的角度分别提出相应的对策建议,包括:保费应与贷款余额同步减少,购房者应事前了解商业银行拒贷原因,购房者应结合自身的投资能力选择还款方式,人民银行应进一步明确对提前还贷违约金的规定等。     

基于法律视角下商业银行贷款核准制的风险分析与控制

贷款担保核准制要求借款人先落实合法有效的担保并经银行核准之后,再对其发放贷款。这一制度存在许多不足之处,如贷款担保核准制容易引发担保合同法律效力的争议与纠纷,容易造成部分抵押、质押担保丧失法律效力,容易产生民事争议与纠纷,可能导致权力寻租和孳生腐败,已办理抵(质)押担保登记却未能核准放款而引起的违约纠纷等问题。鉴于此,作者提出如下风险防范建议:(1)修改现行的贷款核准制,改贷前担保核准为提款之前核准;(2)完善信贷台账管理系统;(3)允许一份合同使用两种编号;(4)尽量签订最高额担保合同;(5)修改《借款合同》附条件生效约定。     

国际商业票据市场的发展与借鉴

发行商业票据已经成为很多公司短期资金的重要来源.本文回顾了国际商业票据市场的发展,对票据市场的风险及防范进行了总结,在此基础上结合我国票据市场的发展实际,提出应通过加强资信评级、商业银行积极参与、监管不断完善等措施,来推进我国商业票据市场的健康发展.     

Disparities in Mortgage Lending,Bank Performance,Economic Influence,and Regulatory Oversight

This study investigates factors affecting changes in the disparity of home mortgage denial rates between white and minority loan applicants in the U.S. during the period 1991–1997. We develop a two-stage least-squares regression model that incorporates applicant-level characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, regional economic data, and bank-specific data as explanatory variables. Some have argued that mortgage lenders were under increasing pressure from industry regulators to extend additional credit to minorities and low-income groups during the period under study. The model includes each institution's periodic CRA rating as a proxy for regulatory influence. An alternative explanation is that market forces, such as improvements in economic conditions and in bank financial condition and performance, affected default loss estimates and credit standards in a way that disproportionally benefited minority and low-income applicants. The empirical findings are consistent with the latter hypothesis. We conclude that policy makers should consider the impact of market factors when assessing the allocation of mortgage credit in a particular demographic market. The findings also underscore the importance of controlling for lender assessments of credit risk when evaluating compliance with CRA and fair lending statutes.     

Bank Quality,Loan Demand,and Market Discipline

In this paper, we examine the disciplinary role of borrowers, who are one of the key stakeholders in Turkish banks and are heavily affected when their banks experience difficulty. In the theoretical model, we show that borrowers prefer to have a relationship with less risky banks although it increases their cost of getting funds. Empirically, we examine the relationship between quality of a bank and its loan demand and find that as riskiness of a bank decreases, its loan demand increases significantly, suggesting the disciplinary role of borrowers in Turkey.     

The Monitoring Incentive of Transactional and Relationship Lenders: Evidence from the Syndicated Loan Market

We identify a group of lenders specializing in syndicating tradable loans (referred to as transactional lenders [TLs]). We show that borrowers borrowing from TLs experience worse operating performance and more severe credit quality deterioration after loan origination compared to those borrowing from relationship lenders. This difference in the postloan issue performance remains robust after controlling for the potential self‐selection of the lender type, or using percentage of traded loans out of all syndicated loans to capture lenders’ propensity for syndicating tradable loans. Our results also remains qualitatively the same after we drop various types of risky loans.     

美国商业银行经营战略转型中的贷款交易研究与启示

论文从深入分析贷款交易发展对美国商业银行经营战略转型的积极作用入手,指出美国贷款交易从经营收入、业务结构、经营理念和促进银行市场分工及战略定位等多方面促进了美国商业银行的经营战略转型.在此基础上,作者重点分析了贷款交易与我国商业银行经营战略转型的关系,认为我国商业银行应借鉴美国经验,加强对贷款交易业务的开发,通过规范化的交易流程和标准化的交易产品,逐步推动和实现商业银行贷款二级市场的发展,以促进商业银行的战略转型.     

基于收入模型对商业银行操作风险的估计

操作风险潜在于商业银行经营管理之中,加重了金融机构的脆弱性,给银行的风险监控造成了巨大威胁。在对比各类操作风险计量方法的基础上,本文采用自上而下的收入模型,运用2000~2009年5家上市银行的财务指标数据,构建了面板回归模型,对中国商业银行的操作风险进行了估计,并以深发展和浦发银行为例对这两家商业银行操作风险的发展状况作了深入分析。研究发现,国内商业银行8.62%的收益波动是由操作风险所导致的,尽管目前商业银行操作风险估计值与核心资本之比偏高,但仍是可控的,银监会的监管措施对商业银行风险管理的作用是及时且有效的。     

Bank Loan Supply in the Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Role of Political Connection

We investigate the changes in bank loan supply during the 2007–2008 financial crisis, with particular focus on the influence of political connections. We demonstrate that although political connections can help firms obtain lower loan rates during the precrisis period, such benefits disappear in the postcrisis period. Moreover, the loan acceptance ratio for politically connected firms is enhanced in the postcrisis period, especially for the politically connected firms with high risks. Evidence reveals that the focus of the benefits for politically connected firms is more likely to shift from the loan rate to the loan acceptance ratio during the postcrisis period.     

商业银行市场细分研究

商业银行只有进行良好的市场细分之后,才能确定自己的目标市场,并由此相应地采取特定的营销战略来满足客户的要求,从而达到借助市场细分,寻找市场机会,不断调整经营方向和结构,采取多种经营策略,确立有利的竞争地位的目的。     

Bank Lending to Native American Applicants: An Investigation of Mortgage Flows and Government Guarantee Programs on Native American Lands

We investigate the efficacy of government guarantee programs for mortgage loans made on tribal lands by comparing lending outcomes for White applicants and Native Americans (NAs) living on- and off reservation lands. Simultaneous equations models with the loan-to-income ratio endogenous indicate both on- and off-reservation NA applicants experience higher conditional denial rates compared with otherwise similar White applicants. NAs living on-reservation are equally as likely to be approved for mortgage loans as off-reservation NAs. On-reservation applicants self-select lower loan-to-income ratios, and are held to a higher standard for this credit variable, likely because lower housing values and other economic variables challenge on-reservation applicants. Our findings suggest lack of financial resources, lack of applicant education about and experience with the mortgage process, low creditworthiness, and lender reluctance to confront burdensome bureaucracy limit on-reservation guarantee program success.     

资本充足率监管对银行信贷扩张的影响

本文利用中国12家银行2000~2008年的面板数据,就资本充足率监管对信贷扩张的影响进行了实证分析。结果表明:(1)2004年出台的《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》促使资本充足率监管由软约束向硬约束转变;(2)4家大型商业银行受到的影响小于8家股份制商业银行;(3)目前中国银行业并不存在银行资本渠道,8家股份制商业银行也不存在资产负债表渠道和银行信贷渠道,但会通过资产负债表渠道和银行信贷渠道对4家大型商业银行的信贷扩张造成影响。不良贷款率的降低有利于缓解银行的资本金压力,促进信贷扩张。     

利率市场化背景下商业银行应对策略研究——以中国农业银行安徽省分行为例

自2012年央行两次降息并扩大利率浮动区间之后,7月19日,央行又宣布,自2013年7月20日起全面放开金融机构贷款利率管制,该政策的出台意味着利率市场化改革进入关键阶段。本文在分析利率市场化给商业银行带来冲击的基础上,提出应对之策,并进一步指出要完善相关配套政策,以便在顺利实施利率市场化的同时,促进社会经济健康发展。