Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance

Under the current paradigm in small business lending research, large banks tend to specialize in lending to relatively large, informationally transparent firms using “hard” information, while small banks have advantages in lending to smaller, less transparent firms using “soft” information. We go beyond this paradigm to analyze the comparative advantages of large and small banks in specific lending technologies. Our analysis begins with the identification of fixed-asset lending technologies used to make small business loans. Our results suggest that large banks do not have equal advantages in all of these hard lending technologies and these advantages are not all increasing monotonically in firm size, contrary to the predictions of the current paradigm. We also analyze lines of credit without fixed-asset collateral to focus on relationship lending. We confirm that small banks have a comparative advantage in relationship lending, but this appears to be strongest for lending to the largest firms.     

Taxpayer resistance,guarantee uncertainty,and housing finance subsidies

In the absence of external guarantees, a private firm's debt trades in the market at rates reflective of its private default risk. Not all firms go it alone, however. There are entities, government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), whose debt obligations enjoy federal guarantees. Federal guarantees affect housing finance indirectly in that they tend to enhance the creditworthiness of the debt obligations of the housing intermediary which lessens the debtholder's exposure to default. The market investor then becomes a willing buyer of GSE debt at a lower (subsidized) rate as a result of the government guarantee.Due to the fact that the subsidy rests on the presumption that the GSE debt will be bailed out by the government it can be seen that the subsidy in turn rests upon the presumption by the GSE debtholder that the taxpayers will honor the guarantee in the event of a GSE default. Hence, government subsidies to the housing intermediaries rest not on ongoing government outlays but rather on the confidence that the taxpayers will be willing, if called upon, to cover GSE losses, i.e., the confidence of a bailout.This article analyzes the effects on the GSE subsidy and on the taxpayer, if the debt markets charge for bailout risk. Bailout risk pricing is an economic event. When debtholders seek to protect themselves by pricing for bailout risk, this increases GSE borrowing costs and cuts into both GSE borrowers' subsidies and stockholder earnings. Higher borrowing costs leave the GSE in a weakened condition and increase the ex ante bailout cost to the taxpayer. When bailout risk premiums become priced by the market, it substantially lessens the government's ability to subsidize housing finance or other GSE activities.     

美国商业性担保机构运作经验及启示

美国信用担保体系大体可分为两部分:政策性担保机构和商业性担保机构。政策性担保机构是指由政府出资设立的,主要服务对象为中小企业。目前美国的政策性担保机构是美国小企业管理局。商业性担保机构是指没有政府背景、也无特定服务对象,以营利为首要目标的担保机构。本文主要目的在于对美国商业性担保机构的运作情况进行分析,从而对中国担保业的发展提供借鉴。     

互联网金融发展与商业银行应对策略

目前,以第三方支付、P2P网贷平台、互联网理财和电商金融为代表的互联网金融发展方兴未艾,呈现巨大的发展活力。文章分类介绍了这些互联网金融业态的发展现状,分析了互联网金融快速发展给商业银行带来的有利和不利影响,指出商业银行应顺应互联网金融的发展趋势,从自身的比较优势及业务特点出发,积极涉足互联网金融业务,实现后发优势。     

创新是民营担保机构的惟一选择

中小企业作为中国经济发展、市场繁荣和扩大就业的重要基础.以其灵活的运行机制和市场适应能力已成为中国经济体制转变的重要推动力量。联合担保公司(以下简称我公司)作为业内起步较早的民营担保公司之一.多年的悉心经营和不断探索让我们意识到,惟有"创新"才是解     

Risk sharing,finance, and institutions in international portfolios

We develop a standard model to show how transaction costs in international investment affect conventional tests of consumption risk sharing, both in a multilateral and a bilateral setting. We implement the tests in a novel international data set on bilateral holdings of equity, bonds, foreign direct investment (FDI) and bank loans. In our data, high foreign capital holdings are associated with international consumption risk sharing as implied by our theory. This is especially true of investment in equity or bonds, but not of foreign direct investment or bank loans. In our model, the implication is that transaction costs are higher for FDI and international loans. The discrepancy could reflect technological differences, but also the prospect of expropriation, perhaps most stringent for FDI or loans. We argue that expropriation risk is endogenous to both the borrower's institutions and its openness to international markets. The detrimental impact of poor institutions is muted in open economies, where the possibility of subsequent exclusion from world markets deters expropriation of foreign capital. We show the implied effects of institutions prevail in both the cross-section of consumption risk sharing and in observed international investment patterns.     

银行与担保机构业务合作操作风险研究

解决银行与中小企业间信息不匹配,帮助中小企业达到银行融资条件,有效分担银行风险,是银行与担保机构业务合作的主要目的,但在合作中,也出现了银行对融资担保公司的准入和筛选标准不规范、银行内部未针对担保公司合作业务制定完整和明确的业务操作规范、经办行的操作风险等问题。笔者提出加强担保公司的业务合作准入标准及银行内部与担保公司业务的合作规范等建议,是规避业务合作中的操作风险的重要途径。     

Mutual fund flows and fluctuations in credit and business cycles

Several measures of credit-market booms are known to precede downturns in real economic activity. We offer an early indicator for all known measures of credit booms. Our measure is based on intra-family flow shifts towards high-yield bond mutual funds. It predicts indicators such as growth in financial intermediary balance sheets, increase in shares of high-yield bond issuers, and downturns of various measures of credit spreads. It also directly predicts the business cycle by positively predicting GDP growth and negatively predicting unemployment. Our results provide support for the investor demand-based narrative of credit cycles and can be useful for policymakers.     

Australian evidence on student expectations and perceptions of introductory business finance

This study examines the differences in perceptions and expectations between students at the Caulfield and Peninsula campuses of Monash University with different entrance criteria and degree availability to determine whether two different introductory finance subjects should be offered rather than one. Results reported in this study suggest that students at the Caulfield campus are interested in studying a challenging introductory finance subject, whereas students at the Peninsula campus perceived that introductory finance is ‘difficult’. Capital structure and cost of capital topics are statistically significantly ranked higher by Caulfield students than Peninsula students. The results reported in this study revealed that two different introductory finance subjects would be more effective. The core subject at the finance major campus (Caulfield) follows a traditional structure with more emphasis on finance theory, whereas the new subject at the non‐finance campus (Peninsula) places greater emphasis on applications.     

Rethinking the central institutions of modern society: science and business

A significant part of this issue of Futures is given over to the following presentation by Willis Harman, and a series of responses from prominent futurists—a colloquium, if you like. Harman's paper, written prior to the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in June 1992, develops further his argument, made in Global Mind Change and other works. Harman argues that the origins of our current problems lie in the belief system supporting our economic structure. The symptoms will only be healed if our worldview changes. All six respondents find merit in Harman's paper, although not all accept his diagnosis or recommendations.     

加拿大小额借款人的融资现状

本文考察了行业集中度和保护程度较高的加拿大银行业,中小企业的商业融资和居民（尤其是非优级贷款人）住房融资的情况。结论是中小企业的融资渠道相当充分,但大银行的垄断地位及其对风险的低容忍度,致使高风险项目的融资状况堪忧。风险投资所存在的问题（与大量的、拥有税收优惠政策的工会基金有关）,更恶化了那些创新型中小企业的融资窘境。虽然加拿大的住宅金融市场非常发达和复杂,但其次级贷款融资尚处于襁褓阶段,选一步开发（同时避免近年来美国市场的过度发展）将对该市场大有裨益。尽管近来出现了一些创新产品,对加拿大人而言,住房融资的选择仍然非常有限,甚至五年以上的按揭贷款都非常少见。加快证券化将有利于中小企业的商业融资和居民住房融资这两个市场的发展。     

金融业与电信业联手开拓银行卡移动支付业务

目前,国内金融业与电信业的业务合作日趋紧密.中国电信和中国银联在北京签署了全面战略合作框架协议,加强双方在网络通信、跨行支付、信息交换、互联网应用、代理业务等方面的业务合作.     

大力开展消费金融业务 推动信用卡产业更快发展

随着信息科技的高速发展以及客户财富管理需求的变化、消费方式的转变,零售银行所依托的传统的业务模块、服务水平、盈利模式等都将在未来发生变化,信用卡产业的发展所面临的内外部环境将更加复杂。     

地方中小金融机构发展情况研究——以吉林省松原市为例

地方中小金融机构主要以农村信用社和村镇银行的发展为主。截至2011年末,农村信用社在国家政策扶持下,资金实力不断增强,历史包袱得到一定化解,信贷规模大幅上升,有力支持了农村经济发展,发挥了农村金融主力军和联系农民的金融纽带的作用。村镇银行成立以来,存贷款增长较快,各项业务发展迅速,成为农村金融市场有益补充,但这些地方中小金融机构在经营发展过程中,仍存在诸多问题,值得关注。本文旨在通过剖析地方中小金融机构发展中存在的问题,提出促进地方中小金融机构长期发展的合理化建议,为地方中小金融机构的健康发展提供理论支撑。     

Sixty years of research leadership: contributing authors and institutions to the journal of finance

While corporate executives freely admit that they work in a jungle, faculty members in institutions of higher learning are supposed to pretend that they work in the relaxed atmosphere of an informal English garden (Alice Vandermeulen, 1975).

The Journal of Finance was the first pure finance journal to emphasize research, and it has been the undisputed “gold standard” in academic finance literature for the past 60 years. This study identifies the contributors to JF over these 60 years—the authors, the institutions employing the authors, and the institutions granting PhDs to the authors. The prolific authors listed in this article make it look easy, like Alice’s relaxed English garden, but the information reported herein suggests otherwise.

关于农村金融机构发展银行卡业务的若干建议

从"金卡工程"到中国银联股份有限公司成立,银联和各商业银行一直致力于在国内推广和普及银行卡.近20年来,从单一功能的借记卡到功能多样的贷记卡,从独具地区特点的准贷记卡到符合国际标准的信用卡,从自行研发卡系统到整合资源的外包托管,银行卡产业在我国取得了长足进步,各发卡机构不断进行业务和技术创新,发卡量迅速增长,受理环境明显改善,银行卡支付功能得到了有效发挥.     

Asymmetric information and price competition in small business lending

This paper examines the relationship between bank lending rates and their cost of funds in New Zealand. Our results show that on average mortgage rates respond more quickly to changes in the cost of funds than base business lending rates. We also find an asymmetry in the initial (short-run) response of banks to changes in funding costs; in particular, our results show banks adjust mortgage rates downwards faster than upwards. The speed to which lending rates revert back to their equilibrium relationship with funding costs varies across the lending markets. We find the adjustment speed is faster when mortgage rates are below equilibrium, whereas it is slower when business lending rates are above long-run levels in relation to funding costs. Our analysis suggests that banks prefer the plain-vanilla type of lending such as mortgages in comparison to small business lending consistent with asymmetric information associated with business loans.