中小企业融资的信息不对称

在中国经济发展速度放缓的今天,实体经济的发展有利于缓解就业促进科技创新,其中,中小企业作为中国经济发展的主力军,贡献全国GDP的50%,技术创新的70%,新增就业90%,为鼓励中小企业、民营企业的发展,解决融资困境是当务之急。基于信息不对称理论,分析中小企业融资难、融资成本高的原因,提出相应解决对策,促进中小企业的发展。     

信息不对称与中小企业融资困境

本文从信息不对称角度,通过建立三个模型探讨我国中小企业的融资困境,如由于信息不对称下的银行交易费用,交易费用不同情况下银行选择的变动,信息不对称下中小企业的金融缺口等。并提出建立与我国中小企业发展相适应的融资体系和信用担保体系、信用等级监督体系、规范信息披露制度等四条解决目前我国中小企业融资困境的建议。     

信息不对称下的中小企业融资困境

改革开放以来,中小企业在我国国民经济和社会中扮演着越来越重要的角色。但是,当前中小企业的发展却受到了严重的金融制约,融资难已成为制约其发展的"瓶颈"。本文试从信息不对称角度对中小企业融资困境进行分析。     

中小企业融资的信息不对称问题研究

中小企业为政府创造了高达60%的GDP、为财政创收40%的收入、解决了我国75%的就业问题,为我国经济的发展做出了非常大的贡献。然而,中小企业"融资难"、"融资贵"问题仍然是企业发展面临的主要问题,并且到目前为止仍未建立起与之相适应的融资体系与机制。本文进行深入探讨中小企业融资难、融资贵的问题,主要是从信息不对称视角出发,从三个方面来说明信息不对称的原因。然后在我国中小企业融资难、融资贵的现实背景的基础上,提出了与之发展相适应的解决办法和政策建议。     

信息不对称视角下中小企业融资问题研究

中小企业对国民经济的健康发展至关重要,但融资难的问题已经严重阻碍了中小企业的发展、壮大,本文着重分析我国中小企业融资难的现状,并用信息不对称理论分析中小企业融资难产生的原因,提出了可行的建议以期帮助中小企业走出融资难的困境。     

信息不对称下中小企业融资障碍及解决途径

信息不对称导致了逆向选择和道德风险,是我国银行信贷风险产生的深层次原因,而中小企业的内在属性决定了信息不对称对中小企业形成更大的融资阻碍,从而需要引导第三方介入来缓解信息不对称。解决途径是组建民营金融机构和建立中小企业信用担保体系。     

中小企业融资中的信息不对称分析

中小企业已成为我国国民经济的重要组成部分和促进生产力发展的重要力量,但在其发展过程中大都存在着融资难的困境。本文首先分析了中小企业融资难的原因,得出中小企业和商业银行之间的信息不对称是中小企业融资难的根本原因。然后针对如何减少中小企业和商业银行之间的信息不对称,提出了几点政策建议。     

信息对称悖论与中小企业融资行为

构建一个数理模型论证中小企业互助融资模式的优势,并对互助融资的内在机制进行理论阐释,结果发现银企之间的完全信息会导致双亏,而适度信息不对称能实现双赢;在一定条件下,企业房屋、设备等实物类硬资本与经营能力、财务状况、历史信用等信息类软资本之间具有替代的关系;互助融资模式有助于中小企业拆借到所需的软硬资本,进而有利于其生存和发展;同时中小企业还可通过集体这个最后借款人增加自身资信,并使银行调高收益预期,从而最终可实现交换的帕累托最优。     

不完全信息借贷市场与中小企业融资

本文运用一个简单的不完全信息动态博弈模型分析,解释了信息不对称和银企间信贷中的交易费用过高是制约中小企业融资的主要因素,同时,本文也结合我国实际,提出了一些应对策略。     

Information Asymmetry and Valuation Effects of Debt Financing

This study demonstrates that under conditions of information asymmetry, shareholders earn positive returns around the shelf registration date of straight debt. The results provide evidence to support Miller and Rock's conclusion that new expected financing by firms can result in positive returns to shareholders and Blazenko's contention that positive returns around the announcement date of straight debt issuance may be found by studying firms with asymmetric information. Firms with reported research and development expenses are assumed to have a higher level of asymmetric information and a greater chance of requiring new outside financing. Research and development expense intensity and abnormal earnings in future periods are found to be significant in a cross-sectional regression explaining abnormal returns for days surrounding the announcement period.     

Information Asymmetry and Financing Arrangements: Evidence from Syndicated Loans

I empirically explore the syndicated loan market, with an emphasis on how information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers influences syndicate structure and on which lenders become syndicate members. Consistent with moral hazard in monitoring, the lead bank retains a larger share of the loan and forms a more concentrated syndicate when the borrower requires more intense monitoring and due diligence. When information asymmetry between the borrower and lenders is potentially severe, participant lenders are closer to the borrower, both geographically and in terms of previous lending relationships. Lead bank and borrower reputation mitigates, but does not eliminate information asymmetry problems.     

Earnings Predictability, Information Asymmetry, and Market Liquidity

We investigate the relation between earnings predictability, information asymmetry and the behavior of the adverse selection cost component of the bid-ask spread around quarterly earnings announcements for NASDAQ firms. While we find an increase in the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread on the day of and the day prior to quarterly earnings announcements for firms with less predictable earnings, we find no evidence of such changes for firms with more predictable earnings. During a non-announcement period, we find that firms with relatively less predictable earnings have consistently higher total bid-ask spreads than firms with more predictable earnings. This finding suggests that firms with relatively less predictable earnings have a higher cost of equity capital than comparable firms with more predictable earning streams, ceteris paribus. Hence, earnings predictability may be a legitimate concern of managers who wish to minimize their cost of equity capital at least as it pertains to bid-ask spreads.     

Liquidity and Information Asymmetry in the Real Estate Market

George Akerlof??s asymmetric information theory explains why lemons are rarely, if at all, transacted. We extend his theory to explain liquidity in the second-hand real estate market. The idea is to decompose real estate into two components: land and the building structure. While sellers may know more about the quality of their structures than buyers, information on land, predominantly its locational attributes, is much more transparent. Without assuming any credit constraints or loss aversion behaviour, our information asymmetry model shows that: 1) the liquidity of real estate increases with the share of its land value; 2) there is a positive relationship between real estate prices and turnover rates when land supply is more inelastic than the supply of structures; 3) the positive relationship is stronger when the land value component gets smaller; and 4) while the availability of first-hand real estate may divert demand away from the second-hand market, such a substitution effect is weaker when the land value component is large. These four implications were confirmed with panel data analysis using Hong Kong??s housing transactions from 1992 to 2008 across 50 districts.     

不对称信息与金融市场失灵

竞争性市场效率的标准理论是建立在完全信息的假定前提之下的.由于金融市场的本质作用就是获得和处理信息,所以同一般商品和服务市场相比,金融市场更有可能出现市场失灵.     

非对称信息理论与农村信贷市场——兼谈泰国BAAC的经验

从非对称信息理论出发，联系泰国农业合作银行（BAAC）的经营实际，笔者认为非对称信息引起的逆向选择和道德风险，是阻碍正规金融机构在农村开展金融业务的重要原因。解除金融抑制，实现农村利率自由化并不能完全解决农村正规金融弱化的问题，政府介入农村金融市场应该重点采取制度创新方式，帮助解决农村信息不对称问题，激励正规金融部门为农村提供金融服务。     

公司债券市场信息不对称和政府作用

分析公司债券市场信息不对称的后果和处理方式的特点,以及政府在减少公司债券市场信息不对称方面应该发挥的作用.指出我国政府对公司债券的利率管制和强制担保要求等不当干预加重了公司债券市场的信息不对称,阻碍了市场的健康发展.建议取消政府在公司债券市场上的不当干预、将公司债券的主要投资者定位于机构投资者、完善金融市场基础设施建设.     

股权结构和信息非对称:中国股市的经验证据

本文首先采用1分钟的高频数据和MRR(Madhavan,Richardson＆Roomans,1997)模型测算出沪深股市的信息非对称程度;然后引入上市公司的股权结构因素,实证分析了股权结构对市场信息非对称程度的影响.研究结果表明:内部人持股比例、流通股比例、股价及成交量与信息非对称程度呈正相关关系;机构持股比例、股权集中度、管理层持股比例及股权转让比例与信息非对称程度呈负相关关系.文章在实证研究的基础上,提出了相关政策建议.     

Periodic Information Asymmetry and Intraday Market Behaviour: An Empirical Analysis

The model of Foster-Viswanathan (1990, FV) predicts that informationheterogeneity among market participants generates patterns involume, trading costs and volatility. In the Italian Treasurybond market, periodic information asymmetry is related to thearrival of block orders from international investors, whichcluster soon after the opening of the market and, respectively,of the US market. Our evidence is that volume is lower and tradingcosts are higher after the two openings, consistent with FV.We find only weak evidence that volatility behaves as impliedby the model. JEL Classification: D82; G14     

私募股权基金型企业融资:资本市场定位及双刃效应

由企业融资结构理论与企业融资生命周期理论结合可见,中小企业更适合股权融资.股权投资基金制度的产生可以看做是私募制度下投资者进行风险平衡的需要,客观上具有增强融资者风险认知与降低系统性风险的双层功能.从融资方来看,股权投资基金制度则是一种能带来增值服务的"超资金需求"资本制度.然而,该制度也是一把双刃剑,"永乐"、"亚信"等企业的融资教训表明,企业需慎重评价私募股权融资模式,通过对赌合约条款的明确细化来规避风险.