城市交通能耗及碳排放测算研究

城市交通二氧化碳逐渐成为引起温室效应的主要元素之一,减少碳排放、降低能耗对实现可持续发展具有重要的意义。本文基于城市交通系统特征,建立一模型计算城市道路交通方式能源消耗和温室气体的排放,同时分析不同交通方式单位运输的人均碳排放,以城市主城区为例进行测算。     

中国城市低碳交通建设的现状与途径分析

提出并阐述了城市低碳交通概念及其内涵,分析了2000年以来中国城市交通能源消耗与碳排放的状况,分析表明:中国城市交通能源消耗和CO2排放总量增加迅速,公共交通是各类机动交通工具中碳排放强度最低的,中国城市低碳交通建设面临着公共交通发展速度滞后、居民出行结构的非机动化程度大幅降低、缺乏有效的需求管理、节能减排意识淡薄、城市交通管理体制与城市低碳交通建设不相适应等主要问题。基于现状分析,提出了中国城市低碳交通建设的三大战略方向和五项主要措施。     

基于碳排放的河北省城市低碳交通发展研究

低碳交通是一种节约能源、保护环境、出行高效的交通发展理念,是实现交通可持续发展的重要发展模式。随着城市化进程及经济增长速度的加快,河北省能源短缺、环境容量超载、交通拥堵等问题越来越明显,同时由于存在交通节能减排技术推广不足、公共交通系统投资缺乏等问题,导致河北省城市低碳交通发展困难重重。为了低碳交通发展的顺利进行,通过运用因子分析法,定量计算了44个因子对城市交通碳排放的贡献值,分析得出经济增长、人口数量、客运量、货运量、私人汽车保有量等是影响城市交通碳排放的主要因子,根据定量研究结果,提出了促进河北省城市低碳交通合理发展的建议。     

基于系统动力学视角的城市交通能源消耗及碳排放研究——以杭州市为例

随着经济发展和城市化进程的不断加快,交通占全国能源消费和碳排放的比例不断上升,并将面临日益严峻的资源和环境约束.以低碳交通试点城市之一的杭州为例,引入系统动力学(SD)理论建立城市交通的社会经济、交通供需和能源消耗碳排放三个子系统,绘制复杂系统反馈的因果回路图,从而探析城市交通能耗和碳排放的社会经济、交通供需及政策等方面的驱动因子,并构建仿真模型对城市交通能源消耗和碳排量进行仿真预测,进而提出城市交通低碳发展的对策和建议.     

“双碳”目标下南通低碳城市交通转型路径研究

分析了南通城市交通碳排放现状,识别了未来南通城市交通节能减排的主要交通方式和控制措施;结合南通实际,分析了城市快速发展和疫情期间及后疫情时代南通城市交通碳减排面临的挑战,以及“双碳”目标下南通城市交通碳减排面临的机遇;总结了国外城市交通的碳中和实施路径,从空间结构、绿色出行、智慧交通、交通能源和交通碳交易等方面,提出“双碳”目标下南通低碳城市交通转型路径。     

西安地铁二号线运营初期客流特征分析

随着社会经济发展与城市规模的扩张,城市空间布局与结构急剧调整,居民活动日益频繁,城市交通需求快速增长,进而产生诸如交通拥堵、交通事故和环境污染等一系列问题.为缓解城市交通发展的环境,越来越多的大城市把建立以大容量的快速轨道交通系统为骨干,地面常规多类型公共交通为网络,分区私人交通方式（包括步行、自行车、摩托车和私人小汽车）为补充的多层次、多元化、立体化的客运交通网络,并充分实现各类交通方式之间有机衔接换乘的城市综合客运交通体系作为其交通的发展战略.     

低碳城市交通系统的规划策略

随着全球气候问题的日益严峻,低碳绿色的生活方式和消费模式将成为我国经济建设和社会生活的重要方向。城市规划作为引导城市发展的重要手段,必然成为快速城市化进程中控制碳排放的直接手段,而低碳的城市交通规划理论方法是解决城市碳排放问题的关键所在。低碳城市交通系统的规划策略的研究需要超越其本身的范畴,从城市形态、土地控制、轨道交通、慢速交通和TOD模式等多个方面出发,综合探讨我国城镇化进程中城市交通所面临的碳排放问题以及相应规划策略。     

低碳型城市交通发展初探

在全球城市化快速发展的背景下,城市普遍面临能源危机和环境恶化的双重压力.低碳经济由此已成为当今世界经济社会发展的总趋势.本文从低碳经济对城市发展的影响入手,探讨发展低碳型城市交通的途径,研究了国内外城市在交通低碳化方面的成果和经验,认为在城市私人交通和公共交通方面,电动交通工具将成为城市交通发展的方向,这个发展趋势必影响城市的交通格局,带来城市规划的变革.     

城市交通的公共经济问题

城市交通的公共经济问题王一城市交通问题是世界各国城市在城市发展过程中面临的一个共同难题。尤其对于一些正在步人后工业化时期的发展中国家而言，交通拥挤已带来了巨大的社会成本。在这些发展中国家的大城市，由于城市规模的扩大、流动人口的增加、新兴中产阶层对私人...     

低碳城市发展阶段划分与特征分析

低碳城市是城市发展到一定时期的特殊形态,是目前低碳研究中的热点之一。梳理了低碳城市的研究进展,以城市发展阶段理论和脱钩理论为基础,尝试对城市低碳发展进行阶段划分。以城市碳基能源排放为核心指标,把低碳城市发展历程划分了5个阶段:初级阶段、急速上升阶段、锁定阶段、解锁阶段和高级阶段。初级阶段碳排放量处于较低水平并平稳上升;急速上升阶段碳基能源密集使用,碳排放量急速上升;锁定阶段受技术和制度等影响,城市碳排放减速上升,直至碳排放拐点出现;解锁阶段城市碳排放量峰值被突破呈下降趋势;高级阶段城市碳排放量下降到较低水平后仍保持缓慢下降趋势。最后,就每个阶段的碳基能源排放驱动力特征进行了分析,并以深圳市为案例,对其低碳发展阶段进行了研判。     

Transport scenarios in a company strategy

The environmental company strategy of the case company Oslo Sporveier includes scenarios for the development of person transport in Oslo up to year 2016. The basis for three different scenarios is described. This paper presents the use of scenarios as background for environmental reporting. Emissions, energy, land and time use from person transport in the three different scenarios were determined. The scenarios were (i) a private car scenario, where the main growth in person transport is to be met with a strong increase in the use of private cars, (ii) a public transport scenario, where the increase in person transport is to be taken care of with a strong increase in the public transport, and (iii) the sustainability scenario, with a reduction in total person transport, increased share of public transport and walking/bicycling, and reduced share of private car use. The total energy use, CO₂ emissions, NO_x emissions and particle emissions from person transport in Oslo are reduced in all three scenarios compared with the situation in 1996. The reduction is smallest in the private car scenario and largest in the sustainability scenario. The land use increases in the private car scenario and the public transport scenario, while there is a reduction in land use in the sustainability scenario. The total time consumption connected to person transport increases in all three scenarios. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

城市基础设施全寿命期控制碳排放集成管理

我国城市基础设施建设与运营全过程减排空间较大,有效控制碳排放水平决定节能减排效果。运用集成管理理论,系统分析我国城市基础设施全寿命期的碳排放,研究城市基础设施碳排放控制原理,提出强化节能减排意识、优化管理体系、建立碳排放测算系统、优化能源消费结构、推广节能减排技术、增加碳汇等策略,以控制城市基础设施碳排放。     

基于DEA方法的北京家庭耗能问题的研究

现阶段,"低碳"已经成为了愈演愈烈的热门话题。随着公民们环保意识的提高,越来越多的人关注碳排放的影响,并希望可以得到对日常生活行为的建议指导,以达到全民低碳的效应。随着我国城市化面积的不断扩大,城市家庭中,能源消耗所产生的碳排放成为了碳排放中比较重要的组成部分。以北京为例,分析家庭耗能产生碳排放的主要能源,电、煤、天然气和煤气以及石油气。通过DEA(数据包络分析法)对整个耗能投入进行分析,对北京家庭耗能的效率进行评估,并根据实验结果给出合理的意见和建议。     

‘Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Lower Your Carbon Footprint!’ — Urban Laboratories and the Governance of Low‐Carbon Futures

The increasing threat of climate change has created a pressing need for cities to lower their carbon footprints. Urban laboratories are emerging in numerous cities around the world as a strategy for local governments to partner with public and private property owners to reduce carbon emissions, while simultaneously stimulating economic growth. In this article, we use insights from laboratory studies to analyse the notion of urban laboratories as they relate to experimental governance, the carbonization agenda and the transition to low‐carbon economies. We present a case study of the Oxford Road corridor in Manchester in the UK that is emerging as a low‐carbon urban laboratory, with important policy implications for the city's future. The corridor is a bounded space where a public‐private partnership comprised of the City Council, two universities and other large property owners is redeveloping the physical infrastructure and installing monitoring equipment to create a recursive feedback loop intended to facilitate adaptive learning. This low‐carbon urban laboratory represents a classic sustainable development formula for coupling environmental protection with economic growth, using innovation and partnership as principal drivers. However, it also has significant implications in reworking the interplay of knowledge production and local governance, while reinforcing spatial differentiation and uneven participation in urban development.     

IMPACT OF URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ON CARBON EMISSIONS IN CHINA

In this paper, we utilize input–output analysis and decomposition techniques to examine the direct and indirect urban and rural per-capita carbon emissions generated by household consumption in China from 1987 to 2007. The results show that indirect emissions are considerably larger than direct emissions due to households in urban and rural areas. Indirect urban emissions increase significantly because of growing expenditures, but indirect rural emissions do not register the same increase. Direct urban emissions decrease significantly because of changes in the energy mix, but direct rural emissions show only a slight decrease. The increase in the disparity of indirect urban–rural emissions and the decrease in the disparity in direct urban–rural emissions are evident. These findings imply that both energy-saving behavior in the production sector and residential lifestyle transition – particularly in the urban areas – are significant in mitigating carbon emissions in China.     

关于焦作市低碳交通建设的问题

分析了焦作市交通能耗及碳排放特征,探讨了焦作市低碳交通建设面临的主要问题和发展目标,并从控制私家车过快增长、优先发展公共交通、发展绿色交通、改善非机动交通出行环境及倡导居民绿色出行等方面,提出了焦作市发展低碳交通的对策建议。     

低碳背景下我国发展绿色运输业存在的问题及解决途径

运输行业是能源消耗大户,运输业使用的燃料所释放的气体是造成全球气候变暖的主要原因之一。如何在保证正常运量的基础上降低碳排放,提高运输效率,实现运输的低耗能、低污染、低排放,是我们需要共同面临的课题。文中从低碳经济的本质出发,分析我国发展绿色运输的存在的问题,进而有针对性的提出实现绿色运输的有效途径。     

长三角地区城市平稳增长下能源碳排放需求估计

探讨了城市能源碳排放需求预测的研究方法,采用最优增长率模型,研究了经济平稳增长条件下,长三角地区各个城市未来的能源碳排放需求。结果显示,长三角地区大部分城市碳排放需求的高峰值都出现在2025年以前,只有上海出现在2040年,这将使上海面临较大的减排压力。南京、苏州、宁波和无锡的能源消费需求、能源碳排放需求都较高,人均碳排放也超出全国平均水平,因此,未来这些城市也将面临较大的减排压力。     

Effect of local government decision‐making competition on carbon emissions: Evidence from China's three urban agglomerations

Analyzing the effect of local government decision‐making competition on regional carbon emissions is important for reducing carbon emissions in rapidly urbanizing areas. Taking the energy rebound effect into account, this study analyzes the effect on carbon emissions of competition between local governments in decision making. Focusing on China's three urban agglomerations, this study further discusses how to avoid this influence. The results show that local government decision‐making competition is one of the main causes of the regional “green paradox”; the effect of local government decision‐making competition on carbon emissions has significant regional heterogeneity and spatial dependence, and the short‐term energy rebound effect is greater than the long‐term energy rebound effect; and local government decision‐making competition has three effects on carbon emissions that also have interaction and substitution effects between them: factor market distortion, investment bias, and the “race to the bottom” of environmental policies. However, four measures can reduce the effect of local government decision‐making competition on carbon emissions: one, improving the performance evaluation system of local governments; two, promoting the marketization of factor prices; three, improving both the energy efficiency and upgrading of industrial structures; and four, introducing macro emission reduction policies that allow the central government to intervene directly.