点击《决定》的四个"亮点"

这次《国务院关于深化改革严格土地管理的决定》,是近些年来所发有关加强土地管理文件中覆盖面最广、规定最严格的一个重要文件。文件从执法、规划、补偿安置、节约利用与收益分配机制,到完善耕地保护责任制,共5款25条。《决定》也可以说是为了防止“三个暂停”结束后出现反弹而作出的硬性规定,对深入开展土地市场治理整顿、加强土地管理与完善宏观调控措施,具有重要指导作用。这次《决定》与以往相比,具有明显的四大特点。一是强调了土地征用审批的决策权。《决定》明确指出,土地征用的审批权在国务院和省。这就削减了县、乡、村干部在土地…     

非法压低地价招商当禁--学习国务院《决定》的一点体会

国务院日前下发的《国务院关于深化改革严格土地管理的决定》(以下简称《决定》),是国务院为建立并完善最严格的土地管理制度,从落实科学发展观、深化改革、标本兼治、促进土地利用方式和管理方式的根本转变的高度,针对当前土地管理和土地利用中存在的重大问题,作出的具体而明确的规定。《决定》的内容很多,共有五个部分二十五条,我仅针对“禁止非法压低地价招商”谈点个人的学习体会。“禁止非法压低地价招商”这条措施非常好,抓住了2003年以来土地市场问题的关键,提出了具体的可操作的办法。中央自2003年开始的土地市场治理整顿,2004年实…     

关于强化土地管理机制的探讨

加强土地管理、切实保护耕地已受到党中央、国务院的高度重视，将其作为关系到社会主义现代化建设全局的大事来抓，要从体制、机制和法制上采取治本之策，扭转人口大量增加、耕地大量减少的失衡趋势；要修改《土地管理法｝），尽快实施土地供应总量控制、城乡建设用地区域管制、耕地用途管制；《中华人民共和国刑法｝）增设了土地犯罪条款，从1997年IO月1日起施行。我国正在采取世界上最严格的措施来管理土地和保护耕地。历史的经验值得注意。3O多年特别是近IO年的土地管理实践证明，要真正做到“切实保护耕地”，必须建立有效的土地管理…     

珠海市土地有效供应机制研究

根据珠海市土地利用与土地管理的实际,探讨了建立土地有效供应机制对于政府合理配置土地资源、科学调控土地市场、实现可持续发展的意义,并对珠海市建立土地有效供应机制的原则、措施、运行模式以及亟待解决的问题提出自己的看法.     

合肥市耕地资源变化驱动力分析及其保护研究

采用定量和定性相结合的方法对合肥市15年来的耕地资源变化驱动力机理进行分析并建立线性回归模型,由此得出合肥市耕地资源变化的驱动力因素主要体现在社会经济因素和政策制度因素两个方面.提出了今后合肥市保护耕地资源的具体对策,即要完善耕地资源保护的长效机制.严格耕地资源资产化管理、以土地利用总体规划为"龙头",加大耕地后备资源的开发、积极推进城乡土地节约集约利用,提高土地利用程度和效益.     

土地利用规划是实现可持续发展的重要手段

本文阐述了土地利用规划在实现可持续发展战略中的地位和作用,并就合理利用土地资源的衡量标准、土地利用规划在实现可持续发展上的作用机制以及进一步提高我国土地利用规划的科学性、权威性和实用性等问题进行了探讨。就此,还提出不应将沼泽地划入未利用地,而应将其列为重要的自然生态用地,严格加以保护。     

严格土地用途管制 从严控制建设占用耕地

正国务院办公厅近日印发《跨省域补充耕地国家统筹管理办法》。《办法》提出,坚持耕地保护优先,强化土地利用规划计划管控,严格土地用途管制,从严控制建设占用耕地,促进土地节约集约利用。《办法》明确,根据各地资源环境承载状况、耕地后备资源条件、土地整治和高标准农田建设新增耕地潜力等,分类实施补充耕地国家统筹。《办法》提出,经国务院批准补充耕地由国家统筹的省、直辖市,应缴纳跨省域补充耕地资金。以占用     

实行严格的土地管理制度

国务院总理温家宝在《全国深化改革严格土地管理工作电视电话会议上》指出，我国人多地少，必须坚定不移地贯彻“十分珍惜，合理利用土地和严格保护耕地”的基本国策，实行最严格的土地管理制度。这直接关系到国家粮食安全，关系到经济社会可持续发展，关系到社会长期稳定。各级政府和领导干部要从全局和战略的高度，充分认识严格土地管理的极端重要性，切实担负起严格保护和合理利用土地的历史责任。     

制定和执行世界上最严格的土地利用规划

制定和执行世界上最严格的土地利用规划中国土地勘测规划院土地利用所所长高级工程师董祚继土地利用规划是土地管理的依据。采取世界上最严格的措施管理土地和保护耕地，首先必须制定和执行世界上最严格的土地利用规划。中央提出对农地和非农地实行严格的用途管制，这里的...     

论土地使用管制──土地用途管制和耕地保护与中国社会经济可持续发展

土地使用管制、土地用途管制和耕地保护与社会经济可持续发展问题，已成为当前我国土地管理工作实践和土地问题理论研究广泛涉及的最基本问题。本文首先对其有关基本概念和实质涵义，提出了可供参考的简释；并围绕中共中央、国务院《关于进一步加强土地管理切实保护耕地的通知》精神及有关文件，分析和探讨了我国土地管理面临的主要问题及实施严格土地用途管制和耕地保护的对策措施。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.