Public input competition and agglomeration

This paper analyzes the impact of public input competition in a New Economic Geography framework. It is shown that regional competition yields an overprovision of public inputs if trade costs are sizable while it leads to underprovision if regions are highly integrated. Moreover, public input competition assures a dispersion of industry as long as trade costs are high but induces agglomeration even for ex ante identical regions if trade costs have fallen below a certain value. Finally, a trade-off between regional convergence and efficiency arises since the efficient distribution of regional infrastructure requires full agglomeration for sufficiently low trade costs.     

渠道防渗砼的设计与施工

我国对节水型农业灌溉越来越重视,为了扩大灌溉面积,提高灌溉效益,灌溉渠道逐渐都采用混凝土防渗,以减少渠道渗漏,提高水资源的利用率。文章阐述了梯形防渗砼渠道的设计及施工。     

On the optimality of joint taxation for noncooperative couples

We present a noncooperative model of a family's time allocation between work and a home-produced public good, and examine whether the income tax should apply to couples or individuals. While tax-induced labor supply distortions lead to overprovision of the public good, spouses' failure to internalize the collective effect of their choices points towards underprovision. A large parameter range exists for which a move from individual to joint taxation improves the welfare of both spouses. The source of Pareto-improvement consists in moving the level of the public good closer to its first-best, while an adjustment of intra-family transfers compensates the secondary earner for the increased tax load.     

Large shareholders and corporate governance

The paper looks at the voluntary provision of governance to outside shareholders by an entrepreneur who takes his firm public but remains a large shareholder after the IPO. We find that the entrepreneur always puts in place an independent board which acts in the interests of the outside shareholders, but may put in place a friendly remuneration committee that ensures that CEO pay is structured to suit the entrepreneur in the cases where the retained equity stake is sufficiently large. When comparing this provision of governance to the provision preferred by a welfare maximizing regulator, we find that both voluntary overprovision and underprovision of governance can happen. Overprovision of governance happens in the cases where the entrepreneur commits to independence at the level of the remuneration committee when the regulator prefer a friendly remuneration committee. Underprovision of governance takes the form of establishing a friendly remuneration committee (with an independent board), when the regulator would prefer an independent remuneration committee (with a friendly board). We discuss the empirical predictions of the model.     

西吉县农田灌溉用水存在问题及建议

灌溉工程是农业的命脉,灌溉水费又是灌溉工程得以运行的保证。     

论我国小型农田水利设施的项目建设与运营管理

"水利是农业的命脉",小型农田水利建设的好坏直接关系到农业增产、农民增收及农村经济的发展。与此同时,我国小型农田水利设施在项目建设与运营管理中也存在着诸如经费不足、产权不明、运行机制不合理等问题,本文就这些问题展开讨论,并提出一些相应的解决措施。     

灌区水价水费计量及控制措施

灌区多年来坚持以科学发展观为指导,不断改革创新管理体制和运行体制,强化灌溉管理,创造了喜人业绩,得到了灌区群众的普遍赞誉,产生了巨大的经济效益。经过调查,农民的用水负担依旧不轻,水费在农业生产的成本中仍占相当大的比例。     

杨凌示范区水质评价

本文根据杨凌示范区水资源特点,对地表水和各阶地地下水进行水质监测,以《地表水环境质量标准》、《地下水质量标准》和《农田灌溉水质标准》对水质定级分析,并针对杨凌水资源利用现状提出不同水质的水资源利用建议。     

The impact of privatization and regulation on the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales: a translog cost function model

After the ten Regional Water Authorities (RWAs) of England and Wales were privatized in November 1989, the successor Water and Sewerage Companies (WASCs) faced a new regulatory regime that was designed to promote economic efficiency while simultaneously improving drinking water and environmental quality. As legally mandated quality improvements necessitated a costly capital investment programme, the industry's economic regulator, the Office of Water Services (Ofwat), implemented a retail price index (RPI)+K pricing system, which was designed to compensate the WASCs for their capital investment programme while also encouraging gains in economic efficiency. In order to analyse jointly the impact of privatization, as well as the impact of increasingly stringent economic and environmental regulation on the WASCs' economic performance, this paper estimates a translog multiple output cost function model for the period 1985–1999. Given the significant costs associated with water quality improvements, the model is augmented to include the impact of drinking water quality and environmental quality on total costs. The model is then employed to determine the extent of scale and scope economies in the water and sewerage industry, as well as the impact of privatization and economic regulation on economic efficiency. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

融水农田水利现状及加快农田水利事业发展措施

农业是国民经济的基础,水利是农业的命脉。开展融水苗族自治县农田水利现状调查,依据水资源和水环境承载能力,综合考虑防治水旱灾害、水资源节约保护、灌溉排水、水环境整治和生态建设等,进行合理的水土资源配置和农田水利工程布局安排,统一编制县级农田水利规划,制定加快农田水利事业发展措施。     

试论计划用水在灌区中的应用

和平渠供水分公司承担着全市的绿化、农业及工业供水的主要任务。实行计划用水,在灌区用水的实践中,对促进灌溉技术改革有着重大的意义。     

融水农田水利现状及加快农田水利事业发展措施

农业是国民经济的基础,水利是农业的命脉。开展融水苗族自治县农田水利现状调查,依据水资源和水环境承载能力,综合考虑防治水旱灾害、水资源节约保护、灌溉排水、水环境整治和生态建设等,进行合理的水土资源配置和农田水利工程布局安排,统一编制县级农田水利规划,制定加快农田水利事业发展措施。     

小型农田水利工程运行管护中的主要问题和建议

随着社会的不断发展,我国小型农田水利工程建设也开始了新的起点,水利工程被政府部门越来越重视,建设力度、责任以及人员难度也在不断的增加,但一些水利部门并未把水利工程建设和的维护工作提到日程上来,尤其是在这小型农田水利工程建设不断加大的背景下,建后维护工作显得捉襟见肘,工程建设不能得到有效的发挥,最终影响建设效益,因此,注重水利工程建后维护,保证工程正常运行,充分的发挥水利工程的效用,这样才可以更好地推进新农村建设,更好地发挥现代农业。     

α值法自动灌溉系统研究

针对传统人工灌溉系统的不足以及灌溉用水效率低的情况,探讨α值法自动灌溉系统的应用。该系统是按照作物土壤适宜含水率为上、下限,通过蒸发皿的水位变化监控土壤含水率变化,调控电动蝶阀适时开关给灌溉区供水,适时适量灌溉,提高灌水利用率。     

The Role of Irrigation Districts in California's Water Development

Summary: Early settlers found that California had excellent soil and tem-perature for agricultural development, but very scanty rainfall in the growing season. Irrigation was introduced on a small, indi-vidual scale, which developed into organized projects through the pioneering of the irrigation-district system. Legislation was passed for a special tax structure by which revenue for mainte-nance and operation of irrigation projects was obtained by taxing the benefited land exclusive of improvements. This unique tax structure encouraged individual ownership of land in units of the most economic size and spurred intensive cultivation and general economic development.     

Water use efficiency and public goods conservation: A spatial stochastic frontier model applied to irrigation in Southern Italy

Water used for irrigation is essential for global food production. Increased water scarcity, due to climate change, is a constraint to agricultural development, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This increases pressure on agriculture which often manages water inefficiently and competes with other sectors for water use. Enhancing farmers’ production efficiency may lead to substantial water savings and conservation. Public sector is called to play a role in water governance and to introduce appropriate multilevel regulatory and incentive measures for better water management. This work applies a spatial stochastic frontier model to the case of high water-demanding fruit and vegetable crops in the Apulia region of Southern Italy, where water is scarce due to semi-arid climate and erratic rainfall. Using cross-sectional data from the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network, this work incorporates firm specific heterogeneity into technical efficiency analysis and implements an autoregressive specification of the inefficiency component. Results support the hypothesis that spatial heterogeneity exists in on-farm efficiency of irrigated crop production and is adequately captured by the spatial stochastic frontier model approach. Technical efficiency of farms with similar structural and management characteristics greatly varies across crops and geographical areas, because of the different natural resource endowment and agro-climatic factors. Policies providing incentives to on-farm adoption of modern water-saving technologies and measures to promote small family farm activities could effectively contribute to water conservation goal, but they should be well-articulated to account for agriculture spatial diverseness.     

彭阳县开展重点县建设的必要性与可行性

灌区节水改造是实现节约用水、促进彭阳县经济发展、农民增收、建设社会主义新农村的前提和基础。     

青海湖沙漠地区节水器设计

负水头毛细渗灌非常适合青海湖周边沙漠地区的固沙植生,根据毛细渗灌原理对节水器进行设计,考虑植物的需水量,棉线毛细输水量,沙子的输水特性可确定节水器的输水量及入渗点。     

新农村建设背景下农田水利建设存在的问题和对策

《水利发展规划(2011—2015年)》提出要把水利作为国家基础设施建设的优先领域,农村农田水利将成为水利投入的重点之一。文章通过调查研究将重点放在新农村建设背景下农田水利建设问题上,选取武汉市周边乡镇作为调查对象,分析当前农田水利建设存在的共性问题,进一步深入研究,究其根源,对解决办法作出探讨。