General retail patronage loyalty as a determinant of consumer outshopping behavior

Consumer outshopping research has shown there are significant, but weak, relationships between consumers' attitudes toward local retailers and the degree to which they shop in local versus outlying areas. An alternative attitude measurement, retail patronage loyalty, is proposed and empirically evaluated. The loyalty scale was shown to be a stronger and more generalizable predictor of consumer outshopping behavior.     

Validating the retail store image concept

The perceived images of seven retail firms encompassing several lines of trade are presented in this paper. To determine these images, data on store attributes and the importance of these attributes were collected from a random sample within selected census tracts of a Southwestern city. The linear compensatory multi-attribute model approach of product attitudes was extended to that of store patronage. The ability of these image models to predict attitudes towards the retail outlets as well as patronage behavior is investigated. In addition, the power of importance weights in these models is statistically examined.     

Attitude and brand loyalty: A longitudinal study of multiattribute attitude models and intervening variables

Brand loyalty has been a major concern within marketing circles, both business and academic. This research goes beyond the traditional end brand-loyal behavior. In addition, the effect of several variables which may mediate this attitude/behavior association was analyzed. Attitude was represented by Fishbein's AB and BI models while brand loyalt) was measured by actual purchase data. Diaries of consumer purchases were kept over a two month span, during which several measures of attitude and intervening variables were collected. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that an association exists between attitude and brand-loyal behavior, with very little difference between the AB and BI models. While the effects of intervening variables were equivocal, the attitudinal approach to brand loyalty appears to a viable alternative to ex post facto measures.     

Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual framework

Customer loyalty is viewed as the strength of the relationship between an individual’s relative attitude and repeat patronage. The relationship is seen as mediated by social norms and situational factors. Cognitive, affective, and conative antecedents of relative attitude are identified as contributing to loyalty, along with motivational, perceptual, and behavioral consequences. Implications for research and for the management of loyalty are derived. His research interests include consumer decision making, information processing, and consumer loyalty. He has published in theJournal of Consumer Research andAdvances in Consumer Research. His research interests are consumer information processing, persuasion cues in advertising, and international marketing. His articles have appeared in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Consumer Psychology, andCanadian Journal of Administrative Sciences as well as in a number of conference proceedings.     

零售商差价返还策略实施中竞争对手低价格的影响

差价返还策略是零售商的一种整体价格宣传策略，是零售商塑造低价格形象以吸引消费者惠顾的重要手段。通过检验零售商实施差价返还策略过程中竞争对手低价格的影响，可发现竞争对手所在范围、差价幅度及低衙潞的次教会对零售商价格形象和消费者惠顾意愿产生影响。     

Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-image congruence

The predictive validity of two measurement methods of self-image congruence—traditional versus new—were compared in six studies involving different consumer populations, products, consumption settings, and dependent variables (brand preference, preference for product form, consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction, brand attitude, and program choice). The traditional method is based on tapping the subject’s perception of product-user image and the subject’s perception of his/her self-image along a predetermined set of image attributes and adding the self-congruity scores across all image dimensions. Three problems were identified and discussed in relation to the traditional method: (1) the use of discrepancy scores, (2) the possible use of irrelevant images, and (3) the use of the compensatory decision rule. The new method is based on tapping the psychological experience of self-congruity directly and globally. The findings demonstrated the predictive validity of the new method over and beyond the traditional method. His research interests are mostly in self-concept, quality of life, and systems theory. His research interests are mostly in pricing and product quality. Her research interests are primarily in family decision making. Her research interests focus on the social psychology of clothing and patronage of clothing retailers. His research interests are mainly in the social psychology of travel and leisure behavior. His research interests are mainly focused on self-concept, quality of life, environmental marketing, and sports marketing. His research interests are mainly in self-concept and value-expressive advertising. He is the Academy of Marketing Science Distinguished Professor of Business and is the founder of the Academy of Marketing Science. He currently serves as the organization’s executive director. His research interests are mostly in consumer behavior and advertising.     

Consumer brand relationships: an investigation of two alternative models

Many studies have proposed the use of the relationship metaphor to enhance the understanding of the relationship between consumers and brands. However, few studies have empirically tested consumer–brand relationship models. In this paper, the authors argue that the success of developing empirical models of consumer–brand relationships depends on the adequacy of the metaphoric transfer. The authors compare two models of consumer–brand relationships—the brand relationship quality (BRQ) model and the relationship investment (RI) model on the basis of empirical fit and model interpretation. They modify both models to better accommodate less involving relationships and test them in two studies. The findings suggest that the modified RI model offers a straightforward interpretation of consumer–brand relationships that vary in intensity. The results from the BRQ model are less clear, though further refinements of the model demonstrates the increased potential of the BRQ model compared with traditional attitude models to explain relationships between consumers and brands.     

消费者对３Ｇ移动通信增值业务使用意向的影响因素研究

为研究消费者对第三代移动通信增值业务使用意向的影响因素,以科技接受模型为基础,添加“消费者创新性”与“感知成本性”两个变量构建出扩展科技接受模型,并通过对１８－３５岁年轻消费者的调查,使用结构方程模型等方法,证实了感知有用性、感知易用性、感知成本性、消费者创新性等因素对消费者态度有直接影响。而态度进一步作用于消费者对３Ｇ移动增值业务的使用意向。     

Perceived risk and the selection of a retail patronage mode

Consumers can select products from a wide variety of retail patronage alternatives. This article examines the amount of perceived risk that is associated with shopping at six different patronage modes. Department and specialty stores are generally considered low risk modes, while media advertisements represent the highest risk alternative. This research also examines the importance of various risk-handling tactics that may help the consumer deal with the perceived risk involved with the selection of a particular retail patronage mode.     

Social character and the structure of behavioral intention

Measures of attitude and behavioral intention have played a significant role in the study of consumer behavior. Since behavioral intention may function as a precursor to a behavioral act, its component elements suggest approaches to marketing mix development. In marketing, the most widely used measure of behavioral intention is the Fishbein model, and it is this model's requirement for data aggregation which is the focus of this research. Findings suggest that differences in individual consumers may seriously impair the usefulness of data derived from this model.     

Models of consumer behavior: The state of the art

Models of consumer behavior have gained much acceptance since the early sixties. The purpose of this article is to examine the state of the art by reviewing the often cited models: Nicosia, Howard-Sheth, and Engel-Blackwell-Kollat. Specifically, a major objective is to consider these models from their practical utility standpoint, i.e., whether the models can be tested and used by marketers. To accomplish this, a set of criteria is developed for evaluation of models in general, and consumer/buyer behavior models in particular. The criteria used for evaluating the state of the art in consumer behavior models are largely derived from model building sources in various fields. The results indicate that although the models are quite impressive in scope, they are inherently weak to be of much help to the marketing practitioner. Indeed, none of the models have been tested as a whole in their original form because they lack specificity and thus are difficult, if not impossible, to operationalize. This article is partially based on a paper which received an award in an Academy of Marketing Science student paper competioion. The Academy encourages scholarly work by various groups through annual competitions and awards.     

The dynamics of long-term business-to-business exchange relationships

A framework for business-to-business interaction is proposed that integrates approaches to bargaining from social psychology and economics to provide a conceptual paradigm emphasizing long-term exchange relationships rather than individual transactions. The authors propose a classification of negotiation behavior along two continuous dimensions and examine the mechanics of the dyadic negotiation process that translate negotiation behavior into long-term relationships. They suggest that exchange relationships are formed by achieving mutually beneficial outcomes from a series of exchange transactions and that there is a bi-directional link between negotiation behavior and exchange relationships mediated by negotiation outcomes. The framework also explores the determinants of negotiation behavior in dyadic negotiations between businesses in terms of organizational, individual, and “other party” influences. Propositions are developed, using both role theory and economic bargaining theory, to support the overall framework. Finally, the classification of negotiation behavior is revisited to examine the evolution of exchange relationships over time. She received her Ph.D. from Georgia State University. Her research interests include attitude and choice models, services marketing, customer satisfaction, and business-to-business relationships. She has published articles in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Business Research, Psychology and Marketing, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior, and theJournal of Health Care Management, as well as various conference proceedings. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests include organizational buying behavior, negotiation strategies, small group dynamics, and cross-cultural differences in buyer-seller interactions. His research has been published in theJournal of Marketing, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of International Business Studies, andIndustrial Marketing Management, as well as numerous conference proceedings. She also holds an M.B.A. from the Uni- versity of Tennessee. Her research interests include consumer value determination, consumer satisfaction, and business-to-business relationships.     

On the meaning and measurement of religiosity in consumer research

The role of religiousness as a variable in models of consumer behavior is not well-established. Research findings in this area tend to be sparse and conflicting, and measurement issues have yet to be addressed. This article reports on an empirical investigation of religiosity in a causal modeling framework. The results suggest that religiosity is a viable consumer behavior construct in that it (1) did correlate with the life-style variables selected; (2) contributed directly to the model along with sex, age, and income; and (3) was successfully operationalized through multiple measures.     

我国旅游者消费模式与行为特征分析

目前我国经济体制转轨过程中面临着有效需求不足的问题，释放被旧体制抑制的消费能量已成为经济工作的重点。旅游具有高效快速拉动消费的功能，因此研究旅游者的消费模式及行为特征极具现实意义。首先澄清了经济意义上常被混淆旅游者消费与旅游消费的概念，其次提出了多维度的定义模式。把心理体验、社会互动、经济支持这些旅游者消费的突出特征，定义为内层维度，把空间维度、时间维度、文化维度这些限制内层的因素定义为外层维度。最后，分析了每一纬度的消费模式及相应的行为特征。     

Increasing the efficiency of the retailer's image study

This study shows how the retailer can better identify determinants of patronage by upgrading the semantic differential. By using the concept of ideal points and consumer choice, along with anchoring the image of the retailer to an ideal business and/or to the firm's competitor's image, the retailer can better interpret the image profile of his business.     

The role of rationalization in consumer decision processes: A revisionist approach to consumer behavior

Consumer behavior theory, as it has largely evolved from economics with its rigid adherence to marginal utility theory, suggests that consumers are highly rational and that they basically strive to maximize utility or satisfaction by the careful rationing of resources. In this paper, the typical assumptions in consumer decision process models are reviewed and analyzed, the empirical evidence supporting the models of the rational consumer is challenged, the concept of rationalization is developed and the existential support for the concept is examined, the role and significance of alternative ego state on consumer decision processes are explained and finally, the rudiments of a revisionist approach to consumer behavior are advanced. An earlier draft of this paper entitled “Consumer Decision Processes: The Role and Influence of Rationalization” was presented at the annual meeting of The American Psychological Association Division 23 in 1977. The author was assisted in the preparation and development of this earlier draft by Dr. Chem Narayana. This assistance is herewith acknowledged.     

Corporate social responsibility: attributions,loyalty, and the mediating role of trust

This study investigates whether consumers’ perceptions of motives influence their evaluation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. The study reveals the mediating role of consumer trust in CSR evaluation frameworks; managers should monitor consumer trust, which seems to be an important subprocess regulating the effect of consumer attributions on patronage and recommendation intentions. Further, managers may allay the negative effects of profit-motivated giving by doing well on service quality perceptions. On the other hand, appropriately motivated giving continues to positively affect trust regardless of the performance of the firm on service quality provision.     

用心理学概念诠释消费者品牌信任的形成

品牌信任就是在风险情境下，消费者基于对品牌品质、行为意向及其履行承诺的能力的正面预期而产生的认可该品牌的意愿。消费者只有对品牌信任才会对企业忠诚。消费者在形成品牌信任的过程中，各种在心理学名词基础上衍生出的概念如品牌感知、品牌态度、品牌情感和品牌人格等是品牌信任形成的基石、保证、纽带及内化。企业可针对品牌信任形成的每一环节实行有针对性的品牌管理。     

Understanding the outshopper

What type of consumer foregoes the convenience of hometown shopping and travels to out-of-town markets to purchase goods? This question continues to be the subject of much interest to marketers. The research reported in this article replicates and extends the growing body of intermarket patronage literature. Specifically, this article analyzes the demographic and psychographic profiles of inshoppers, occasional outshoppers, and frquent outshoppers. In addition, the importance of eight shopping area attributes are compared across the three intermarket patronage segments.     

Consumer religiosity and retail store evaluative criteria

Consumer religiosity, which includes the religious commitment and religious affiliation of consumers, may be a significant construct in explaining retail store patronage. The present study used several measures of religiosity to investigate the influence of this possible segmentation variable on consumer evaluation of the importance of various retail department store attributes. Support was found for the religious commitment construct but not for religious affiliation. The most consistent relationship found was between religious commitment and the importance placed by the consumer on sales personnel friendliness/assistance. Direction for future research is provided.