财务风险与财务杠杆

财务风险是指在企业资本结构 (全部资本中举债筹资比重 )变动所引起的普通股每股收益的变动幅度。通常，企业的负债率越高，其每股收益的波动幅度 (不确定程度 )越高，企业的财务风险越大。在同等息税前利润基数条件下，负债率较高从而利息支出较大的企业，息税前利润较小的变动幅度就会引起每股收益较大的变动幅度，企业的财务风险较大；反之，负债率较低从而利息支出较小的企业，息税前利润变动引起每股收益变动的幅度较小，企业的财务风险较小。息税前利润对每股收益的上述作用称为财务杠杆作用。由于利息支出的存在，使得息税前利润少量…     

港口企业财务杠杆收益与风险分析——以A股港口上市公司为例

财务杠杆又叫筹资杠杆或融资杠杆，它是指由于固定债务利息和优先股股利的存在而导致普通股每股利润变动幅度大干息税前利润变动幅度的现象。运用财务杠杆会给企业带来收益，但也会使企业增加财务风险。本文以我国A股港口上市公司为例，分析了财务杠杆对港口企业总资产收益率与净资产收益率的影响，从而进一步探讨财务杠杆对港口企业收益与风险的影响，以期加深对财务杠杆的认识，合理制定财务决策。     

试论资本结构与杠杆作用对筹资决策的影响

筹资决策分析的目标是以最小的资金成本使财务利益最大化。影响筹资决策的因素很多,文章主要探讨企业的资本结构与杠杆作用对筹资决策的影响。杠杆作用主要包括经营杠杆和财务杠杆,经营杠杆是企业固定成本对变动成本的比率及其对息税前盈余的影响;财务杠杆是指长期债务的运用对每股收益的影响。     

鄂公司资本结构、负债期限与公司业绩研究

本文以60家湖北籍上市公司为研究样本,并用样本公司2008-2014年间连续七年的数据,实证探讨企业资本结构、负债期限结构与公司业绩的关系,即探讨资产负债率、长期负债率、短期负债率对公司业绩的影响。结果显示,资产负债率、长期负债率与公司业绩呈正相关关系,短期负债率与公司业绩关系不明确,建议可以适当提高公司的资产负债率以及长期负债率来提高公司业绩。     

浅论财务杠杆

一、财务杠杆利益(损失)(Benefit on Fi-nancial Leverage)通过前面的论述我们已经知道所谓财务杠杆利益(损失)是指负债筹资经营对所有者收益的影响。负债经营后,企业所能获得的利润就是:资本收益=企业投资收益率×总资本-负债利息率×债务资本=企业投资收益率×(权益资本 债务资本)-负债利息率×债务资本=企业投资收益率×权益资本-(企业投资收益率-负债利息率)×债务资本………"!此处的企业投资收益率=息税前利润÷资本总额,所以即息税前利润率。     

江苏板块上市公司融资成本与企业收益相关实证分析

<正>1、研究目的现代企业发展历程表明,一个企业的发展与壮大仅仅依靠自身的积累是远远不够的,而债务融资和权益融资是企业最直接和有效的融资方式。从理论上讲,当企业的息税前利润大于每股收益平衡点的息税前利润时,企业通过债务融资可以获得财务杠杆的效益,即企业收益与利息支出表现为一种正相关的关系;反之,当企业的息税前利润小于每股收益平衡点的息税前利润时,企业应通过权益融资,也就是说企业收益与利息支出表现为一种负相关的相关关系。     

浅谈企业财务杠杆的作用及改进建议

企业在一定时期内，成本结构的变动，会对企业收益产生一定影响，从而使企业面临一定的财务风险。因此，企业要取得理想收益，就必须合理利用复合杠杆来规避各种企业风险。本文试以M公司为例，浅谈其财务杠杆利用的合理性，并在此基础上，并提出相应建议。     

关于CAPM的思考

CAPM(资本资产定价模型)在公司理财中占有重要的地位和重大的应用价值,它连接着企业的过去和未来。资本资产定价模型与套利定价模型是概括与具体的关系,CAPM基于所有系统风险对证券收益的综合影响而套利定价模型模型基于具体系统风险对证券收益的影响,如果能够找出影响证券收益的全部系统风险,那么资本资产定价模型和套利定价模型计算出的证券收益便没有差别。证券收益受系统风险影响的程度用β衡量,β受到企业所在行业,企业经营杠杆和财务杠杆的影响。     

财务杠杆原理简述

企业发展过程中要不断的融资、负债来发展壮大自身，而财务杠杆则主要是企业由于债务的存在而导致的普通股每股利润变动大于息税前利润变动的一种效应。本方主要是简要介绍财务杠杆的原理，并对其做简要的概述与评论。     

零杠杆上市公司的股票长期收益趋势研究

与国际发达的资本市场类似,我国资本市场也存在企业零（低）杠杆现象。基于1992-2014年沪深两市全部A股上市公司的财务报表数据及股票收益数据,文章使用事件研究法与日历时间组合法,实证检验了零（低）杠杆公司的财务特征及股票长期收益情况。研究表明,我国A股市场中的零（低）杠杆现象呈现扩大化及增长趋势,且零（低）杠杆公司具有规模小、上市年限短、市账比高、投资水平低及盈利性好等共同特征。研究也发现相较非零（低）杠杆公司,连续三（五）年零（低）杠杆公司具有显著的长期超额收益,说明持续的极端财务保守政策对于股票收益具有重要的影响作用。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.