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1.
We analyse how drug approval procedures influence the incentives of pharmaceutical firms to commercialise new drugs in the presence of international reference pricing. Since 1995, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) coordinates a centralised approval procedure for specific new drugs in the EU. With such a centralised procedure, the EMA grants simultaneous drug approvals for all EU countries. Alongside, non‐centralised procedures coexist for approvals of other new drugs and approvals can be sequential. We focus on the effects of the exogenous timing of drug approvals, either simultaneous or sequential, and we compare the effects of centralised versus non‐centralised procedures on the firms’ incentives to commercialise new drugs in different markets. In a context of international reference pricing, we show that a centralised procedure limits the number of countries where the firm commercialises new drugs, compared to a non‐centralised procedure. We also show in a simplified framework that countries are better off with non‐centralised procedures, while pharmaceutical firms in theory prefer the drug to be approved everywhere as soon as possible, as in an early centralised procedure. This is in line with the stated objective of the EMA to generate savings for the pharmaceutical firms.  相似文献   

2.
《Business History》2012,54(4):620-635
In early American corporations, the power of large shareholders was frequently limited by voting rules that partially disenfranchised them. In particular, stock held in an individual's name was granted a number of votes per share that decreased with the number of shares held. Using data from the corporations created in New York up to 1825, this paper analyses the use of these ‘graduated’ voting rights. Consistent with the view that they were intended to help small investors protect themselves against the predations of controlling shareholders, the data indicate that graduated voting rights were imposed in industries that attracted small investments from ordinary households. The results highlight the importance of concerns over the controlling influence of large shareholders in early corporate governance.  相似文献   

3.
对于一个重视管理的企业,加强费用内控是管理方面的一大重要课题.通常与企业日常生产经营管理密切相关的费用管理是繁琐的费用报销,目前,大多数企业仍采用的手工报销流程.对于一个出差人员频整,且出差人员驻异地时间较长的企业,费用报销是一个非常大的难题,需要有一个现代管理工具来解决它.本文对网上电子审批报销系统的探讨.  相似文献   

4.
多媒体辅助英语教学初探   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
多媒体技术在英语教学中的使用是英语教学改革的方向和新主流.它集声音、图像、文字、动画于一体.直观、形象、生动。多媒体既为英语教师提供了现代化的综合性的教学手段.也为英语学习者提供了有效的含有大量信息的学习工具。多媒体英语教学改变了传统观念上的英语教学模式.在教学实践中.教师把计算机应用与英语教学整合起来。  相似文献   

5.
The effect on the Jury Theorem of dependency among votes is discussed. Condorcet's original model and theorem depend crucially on the assumption of independence and the applicability of the binomial distribution. Two simple extensions of the binomial distribution are used to illustrate the effects of dependency on the quality of group decision making. With the correlated binomial model, it is possible to isolate the effect of pairwise dependency. In the presence of fairly strong pairwise dependency, we are not even guaranteed the natural property of monotonicity with respect to voters. A Pólya-Eggenberger model illustrates the effect of contagion on group competence. A special case of the beta-binomial distribution is used to demonstrate that, even in the presence of synergetic group effects, we are not guaranteed infallible decisions from a very large group. Consequences for an epistemic theory of democracy are indicated.  相似文献   

6.
各单位建立并实施内部会计监督制度,这是会计法的基本要求.财务收支审批制度作为内部会计监督制度的重要内容之一,应该得到各单位的重视.然而,我国目前许多企业的财务收支审批制度还很不完善,实际工作中暴露的财务收支审批方面的问题也较为严重.如何设计企业财务收支审批制度,是一个值得探讨的问题.  相似文献   

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一、多媒体教学的现状目前.多媒体教学成为音乐教学的重要手段.各课程教学都在积极采用多媒体教学.国家教委本科办学评估也将多媒体教学列入考核指标。  相似文献   

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10.
A model based on the theory of reasoned action was developed to analyze voting behavior. Based on an empirical test in Singapore, the proposed model was found to be generally effective in predicting the intentions of voters. Attitudes toward the candidate and political party contributed more to explaining variation in voting intention than interpersonal and mass media subjective-norm components. Direct measures of affect served to better account for voting intention variation than componentially derived measures, although they did not completely mediate the latter's effect. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research furnished © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

11.
Part-worths estimated via regression are replaced by constrained part-worths that are as close to the original part-worths as possible subject to any a priori constraints on the ordering of preferences for the levels of each attribute.This approach produces significant improvements in validations on holdout samples when employed with either ACA or full-profile conjoint analysis. The improvements in full-profile validations are similar to those obtained when constraints are imposed with LINMAP. A smaller gain is achieved with ACA.  相似文献   

12.
Decision groups distributed both temporally and geographically encounter a multitude of coordination problems. This experiment used a set of GDSS Tools called List and Vote, and alternative interaction management procedures, as mechanisms for coordinating distributed groups using a computer conferencing system and for structuring group processes. The study examined media richness using a modification of the adjective-pairs developed by Zmud, Lind, and Young (1990). The Tools significantly improved subjective perceptions of media richness. The attempted manipulation of the presence or absence of sequential procedures for the most part was not effective in creating significant differences in group perception of media richness.  相似文献   

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This article addresses the issue of moral compunction among a sample of senior managers set against the background of their routine organizational participation. In considering what factors influence their moral sensibilities these managers were interviewed using an approach designed to elicit their perceptions concerning both the ethical and commercially imperative dimensions of their working lives. The qualitative data resulting from this inquiry, while tentative, indicates the primacy of the normative appeal of shareholder value, conditioned by the exigencies of engagement in corporate bureaucracies, including the maintenance of career and livelihood responsibilities. These conclusions indicate the magnitude of the obstacle that the normative business ethics project requires to overcome in order to fulfil its promise.  相似文献   

15.
《Business History》2012,54(4):585-600
Business corporations in the nineteenth century often imposed limits on the voting rights of large shareholders. Economic historians have generally interpreted these voting restrictions as a contractual mechanism designed to protect small shareholders in a legal environment that afforded insufficient investor protection. This dominant account, however, fails to explain the variation in the incidence of voting restrictions across different industries and firm ownership structures, as well as their eventual disappearance from corporate charters over time. In this Article, we advance an alternative interpretation for these early voting schemes as efforts at consumer protection employed primarily by firms that were local service monopolies and collectively owned by their principal customers, none of whom wished the firm to come under the exclusive control of their competitors or of profit-maximising investors. We explore and test this proposition by analysing data on shareholder voting rights in the nineteenth century in Brazil, England, and France.  相似文献   

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A conceptual model of the relationships between enduring, situational, and response involvement is proposed and tested in the context of decision-making associated with a political election. Specifically, the model concerns relationships between involvement, knowledge, confidence, and the stability of preference for a specific candidate over time. Empirical support for the proposed model is found, and implications for involvement researchers and political marketers are offered.  相似文献   

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A question is the main measurement instrument in the social sciences. Yet no conclusive results exist with respect to the suitability of alternative answer formats for typical constructs studied in this field. Furthermore, no prior studies have used real answers from respondents to investigate differences in responses as a consequence of answer formats, typically assuming the way in which individuals translate their responses from one answer format to another.In this study we make a first step towards filling the above two gaps. We investigate answer format effects for two different constructs (attitudes, intentions) and three formats (binary, ordinal, metric) using a repeat measurement design.Results indicate that formats lead to the same managerial interpretations with the same reliability; differ in speed and perceived speed while being perceived as equally simple, pleasant, and useful to express feelings. Binary and metric answer formats are found to represent interesting alternatives to the predominantly used ordinal format, especially when speed of completion or the availability of metric data for analyses is essential.  相似文献   

20.
Although international joint ventures (IJVs) provide many benefits to multinational enterprises (MNEs), IJVs continue experiencing high dissolution rates; there is a pressing need to re-evaluate the partner selection process for IJVs. In this article, I utilize constrained systematic search (CSS) as the proposed process by which to improve the partner selection process and reduce IJV dissolution rates. CSS is a process MNEs can utilize to gain private information about potential IJV partners. The implementation of CSS can improve the success rates for an MNE entering an IJV in two ways: MNEs can more effectively identify (1) information withholding/misleading behavior of potential partners and (2) complementary resources in potential partners.  相似文献   

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