Reserve requirement, reserve requirement tax and money control in China: 1984–2007

In recent years, the People’s Bank of China (PBC) has carried out monetary policy by means of reserve requirement frequently in an effort to hedge the excess liquidity in the banking system. But just like other government taxes, reserve requirement maybe have an optimal required reserve rate (RRR). When the RRR have been raised to the optimal level, the effect of reserve requirement policy in money control and liquidity sterilization should also be withered due to the loss of the “tax base”. Therefore, we establish a theoretical model and analysis framework and make the corresponding econometric test and empirical analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: The optimal RRR in China at present is about 23%. If the RRR is further raised above 23%, the monetary authority should adjust the deposit and loan interest rates, interest margins between deposits and loans and the deposit reserve requirement rate to expand the using scope of the reserve requirement policy. __________ Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2008, (10): 37–51     

货币政策能否促进银行对小微企业信贷投放——基于宏观经济不确定视角的研究

本文研究在宏观经济不确定条件下,不同货币政策工具能否促进银行对小微企业信贷投放。首先,将货币政策引入考虑了宏观经济不确定性的银行资产组合模型中,论证货币政策、宏观经济不确定性与银行信贷资产配置的理论关系。然后利用我国181家银行2004—2018年的数据,检验在宏观经济不确定条件下,不同货币政策工具对银行小微企业信贷行为调控的作用效果。研究结果表明：宏观经济不确定性会抑制银行信贷行为。其中小微企业信贷占比较大的银行受到的影响更为显著。与数量型货币政策相比,价格型货币政策能够更显著地减轻不确定性对银行小微信贷的消极影响。其中银行同业拆借利率的调控效果最强。研究结论对于选择适宜的货币政策工具促进银行向小微企业信贷投放,化解经济不确定性对银行信贷行为的影响并助力小微企业发展等具有政策借鉴意义。     

央行连续上调存款准备金率的原因与预期效应

从2006年7月到2007年1月,央行已经连续4次上调存款准备金率.本文通过对我国目前宏观经济形势的分析,阐述了此项货币政策实施的深层原因及其必要性.在此基础上,探析诸多因素影响下上调存款准备金率的预期效应,继而认为:央行必须实施多种货币政策的组合,配合其他部门的各种宏观政策,尤其应该提高低收入群体的收入水平,加大对社会保障部门的投入才能更好地控制资金的流动性.     

通货膨胀影响因素的实证研究

从贷款利率、存款准备金率、原油期货和大豆期货的价格出发,运用向量误差修正模型,对2000～2011年我国通货膨胀的原因展开实证分析。分析结果显示,贷款利率、存款准备金率、原油期货和大豆期货的价格都与CPI之间存在长期均衡关系;通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法,得出贷款利率、存款准备金率、原油期货和大豆期货价格对CPI的动态影响关系。     

美国第四轮量化宽松政策的实施背景、影响及中国的对策

为了刺激经济增长、降低就业率和防止通货紧缩等,美联储推出了第四轮量化宽松货币政策。如果承诺机制、资产负债表扩张机制和资产负债表结构改变机制等传导机制能够发挥作用,那么第四轮量化宽松货币政策可以通过金融稳定效应、经济刺激效应、财政效应和退出效应等实现非常规货币政策操作的预期。美联储推出的第四轮量化宽松货币政策势必会带来一定的影响,如美元资产缩水、大宗商品和原材料上涨、全球性的货币性通货膨胀、汇率战争和全球性的财富再分配效应等。为了应对QE4带来的影响,中国需要从外汇资产管理、通货膨胀预期管理、人民币汇率机制、货币政策制定等方面做出相应安排。     

(Non)optimality of the Friedman rule and optimal taxation in a growing economy with imperfect competition

This paper shows that if capital generates production externality, there exists a wedge between returns to money and to capital, driving the Friedman rule is not optimal. However, in the absence of capital externality, the Friedman rule may be valid even under imperfect competition.     

小微企业减税政策研究脉络与未来展望

小微企业作为最活跃的市场主体,对于促进我国经济发展发挥着重要作用,因此小微企业一直以来都是我国减税政策的重点支持对象,也是学者们广泛关注的对象。 首先,介绍文献收集过程,分析文献特征,并从多个角度剖析“ 小微企业” 的基本内涵;其次,基于微观企业经营与宏观经济影响的双重视角,全面梳理小微企业减税政策成效的研究成果;再次,从税收制度、微观企业和宏观经济环境三个层面分析影响小微企业减税效果的主要因素,同时探讨小微企业减税政策的优化路径;最后,分析当前小微企业相关研究的不足之处,并指出未来该领域研究应关注的四个方向。 即深入研究小微企业减税政策的实施效果和影响机制、深入开展减税政策之间及减税政策与其他宏观经济政策之间的联动效应研究、引入更为精确的分析工具以提升减税政策设计的精准度与有效性、开展国际比较研究为我国减税政策的改进提供参考。     

International spillovers of ECB’s unconventional monetary policy: the effect on Central Europe

We examine how unconventional monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) influences macroeconomic stability in three Central European economies. We estimate various panel vector autoregressions (PVARs) using monthly data from 2008 to 2014. Using the shadow policy rate and central bank assets as measures of unconventional policies, we find that output growth and inflation in Central Europe temporarily increase following an expansionary unconventional monetary policy shock by the ECB. Using both impulse responses and variance decompositions, we find that the effect of unconventional policies on output growth is much stronger than the effect on inflation.     

The Analysis of High Exchange Reserve and High National Saving in China

High resident saving and high foreign exchange reserve are the inevitable products in China during the period from planned economy to market economy, and there is high correlation between them. On the one hand, this kind of economic phenomenon can＇t persist in a long time; on the other hand, to implement relevant fiscal and monetary policy, foreign trade policy, and foreign exchange management policy to change them in view of their negative effects to present economy is one of the present economic tasks.     

Empirical research on monetary policy,asset prices and inflation: an analysis based on provincial panel data in China

In this article, we investigate the dynamic correlations among monetary policy, asset prices and inflation and assess the regional effects of monetary policy in China for the period October 2007 to July 2013. We focus on the interdependencies among monetary policy and asset price fluctuations by using the Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate as the preferred variable for analysing monetary policy movement. In particular, we apply a vector autoregressive model in a panel setting, which allows researchers to examine variations over time or across individual regions. The empirical results presented herein indicate that monetary policy reacts actively to asset prices, although it is still shown to be ineffective. In addition, we find that asset prices display some regional differences in their response to an unexpected monetary policy shock.     

‘Talking down monetary policy’ – a note

There is a recent debate about whether ultra-expansionary monetary policy is no longer effective in stimulating demand, a concern often voiced in the euro area in light of persistently low and even negative inflation. As a response, the European Central Bank (ECB) warns against ‘talking down monetary policy’ (ECB Vice-President Vítor Constâncio, 2016). This note uses a textbook model of optimal monetary policy to study a situation in which the public misperceives the interest rate elasticity of aggregate demand, which reflects policy effectiveness. We show that as a result of underestimating policy effectiveness demand shocks can no longer be stabilized perfectly, thus resulting in inefficient inflation and output dynamics. In the presence of misperceptions, a negative demand shock leads to a prolonged period of negative inflation rates.     

新加坡政府在中小企业发展过程中的作用

新加坡有18万家商业企业,中小企业占99%,所雇用员工占劳动人口的65%。中小企业的兴衰,与国家经济紧密相连,对国家发展有举足轻重的影响。新加坡中小企业发展中存在的问题,主要是流动资金不足;劳动力成本高;创新能力弱,缺少科技支撑等。新加坡政府在中小企业发展过程中,在政策、技术、培养人才上给予支持,发挥了重要作用。研究新加坡政府的有关政策和做法,以期对中国中小企业发展有借鉴作用。     

国际收支双顺差下的货币政策有效性思考

中国的国际收支失衡是最近几年世界经济共同关注的一个问题.分析了我国双顺差的现状、原因.从国内外经济平衡的角度看,双顺差必然会对我国经济持续健康发展带来负面影响,目前的这种双顺差格局不可长期持续.同时,双顺差现象对国内宏观政策调控带来难题,对中央银行货币政策的有效性和独立性构成进一步挑战.调整双顺差以保持货币政策的独立性和有效性,中国必须尽快调整外资、外贸和产业政策.