围垦堤防施工技术研究

在大量工程实地调查、文献资料分析的基础上,运用现场试验、室内试验和理论计算分析相结合的方法,对围垦堤防施工技术进行研究:①复杂波浪水流环境下围垦堤防管袋裸坝施工程序优化;②围垦堤防管袋裸坝快速施工技术,包括充填沙土管袋脱水固结技术;③波浪作用下围垦堤防扁平管袋裸坝施工期水动力稳定性;④复杂条件下围垦堤防管袋裸坝信息化施工技术;⑤围垦堤坝龙口合龙的各项水力要素及安全措施。研究将提出一整套围垦堤防高效快速施工技术,为沿海地区围垦工程建设提供科学依据和基础。     

沿海围垦区非传统水资源开发利用

在总结以雨水、微咸水为主的非传统水资源研究利用现状的基础上,针对围垦区传统水资源紧缺,以雨水、微咸水为主的非传统水资源含量丰富的特点,提出围垦区非传统水资源的开发利用研究。通过优化集成非传统水资源开发利用模式和技术,创建适宜于围垦区的微咸水高效与生态安全利用模式,推广微咸水资源化的生态安全技术。根据研究目标和研究内容,结合试验区现状,制订了技术路线和预期目标。     

江苏沿海滩涂围垦区生态环境长效管理模式研究

针对江苏沿海滩涂围垦区的自然环境特点与复合型生态系统特征,构建体现围垦区生物多样性、生境特征和环境变化的围垦区生态环境长效管理的指标体系,建立江苏沿海围垦区生态环境长效管理模式,为地方政府决策提供参考。     

Environmental impact assessment of urban land use transitions—A context-sensitive approach

Land consumption due to residential development, economic growth and transportation belongs to the most serious environmental pressures on landscapes worldwide, in particular in urbanised areas. Accordingly, the aim of containing the development of land is rated increasingly high on the agenda of environmental policy, at least in densely populated countries such as Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands or the UK. As a result, different strategies and instruments to prevent excessive land consumption are being discussed. However, many of these strategies and instruments adopt a rather general approach, while it seems more effective to define the particular areas where the goal of reducing land consumption is to be pursued. Such an approach must draw on information about how detrimental specific land use transitions are with regard to, for instance, the functionality of soils, water balance or habitat quality at specific locations. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for the impact assessment of land use transition in urban areas which highlights how such information can be acquired. This framework includes the differentiation of two levels of impact assessment: the level of the single land unit and the context level which takes into account regional and aggregated impacts of land use transition bound to the spatial context. The conceptual framework provides a basis to disaggregate (supra-)national policy targets regarding land use, to scale them down to the regional level, and thus to clarify the spatially explicit implications of land use policies.     

沿海围垦区水资源一体化管理决策支持系统

面对江苏沿海围垦地区严重的淡水资源危机,以及国家沿海开发战略下复杂的水资源管理问题,如何通过先进的信息技术辅助决策,更好地发挥水资源的综合效益,已成为战略开发决策者的迫切任务。应用现代化的技术手段,设计沿海围垦区水资源一体化管理决策支持系统的体系框架,并对框架设计目标、主要内容以及预期成果进行重点阐述,以期为沿海围垦区水资源的高效、可持续开发利用提供技术支撑。     

Institutional causes of urban and rural sprawl in Switzerland

Open space is a very scarce resource in Switzerland. The Federal Government aims to stabilize the use of settlement area per resident at 400 m². This paper starts by outlining the institutional system of spatial planning in Switzerland. Regressions then explain both the current level of land use per resident as well as the development of this indicator. Factors like cars per resident, the proportion of old people and the rural character of the municipality do increase land use per resident. Case studies show that there are currently hardly any instruments available with which to steer land use beyond the local level. It is concluded that incentives for local administrations should be introduced in order to limit urban and rural sprawl.     

沿海滩涂大规模围垦及保护关键技术研究概述

围绕江苏沿海围垦布局、围垦工程建设、水资源保障、环境保护等问题,对围垦工程与近岸海域水动力过程的相互作用及对港口资源的影响、辐射沙脊群泥沙分布及输运、潮滩及近岸沙洲稳定性、辐射沙脊群围垦布局及监测关键技术,围垦堤防设防标准与设计方法、施工技术、围垦筑堤新材料与新工艺、蓄淡与引排工程、围垦堤防施工安全监控、质量检测及风险评估,垦区水资源开发利用、蓄淡工程优化布局、优化配置与联合调度、一体化管理决策支持系统,围垦工程对环境的影响及生态效应、生态型围垦评价方法、围垦区生态重构技术、垦区生态环境监控管理模式进行研究;进行江苏沿海滩涂大规模围垦及生态环境保护关键技术的集成和工程示范。     

Assessing the fragmentation of construction land in urban areas: An index method and case study in Shunde, China

The fragmentation of construction land due to decentralised urban development, disorderly mixed land use, and large-scale transportation infrastructure poses a threat to urban integrity. There is a need to quantify the fragmentation level in a consistent way for inclusion in planning-related decisions. In the context of China's urban sprawl, this study develops a quantitative and intuitive index approach that planners can use to analyse multiple fragmentation features of construction land within urban areas. The approach can be used in planning policy reviews for timely land-use assessment and can be integrated into urban planning processes for developing strategic land-use scenarios. The method was applied in Shunde, a typical urban area in southern China, and construction-land fragmentation and its impacts on environmental quality were analysed. The results show that the entire built-up area in Shunde displays a high level of fragmentation. Patches of industrial and rural residence have been identified specifically higher fragmentation level. The shortage of available construction land makes land consolidation within built-up areas very important in planning Shunde's future development. Moreover, the land shortage requires the progressive reduction of construction land fragmentation. The results of the study also indicate that although land fragmentation has been affected by transportation infrastructure and the existence of rivers and hills in this region, decentralised decisions from hierarchical local governance regimes have greatly exacerbated this situation. Shunde provides examples of typical land-use problems associated with quasi-urbanised regions in China; construction-land fragmentation is a greater determinant for the sustainable development of urban and rural areas than construction-land growth.     

矿区土地复垦组织模式研究

分析了当前土地复垦中存在的问题，在分析问题的基础上结合国外土地成功复垦模式的经验。提出了可行性的土地复垦组织模式。并对其可行性和特点及其运行职能和基础进行了探讨。     

江苏沿海围垦区水资源开发利用潜力研究

介绍国内外水资源开发利用潜力研究现状,探讨江苏沿海围垦区水资源开发潜力,提出了研究目标、研究内容、技术路线和预期成果。研究成果将为江苏沿海围垦区水资源可持续开发与利用提供科学依据。     

滨海围垦区替代传统农业的生态产业效益研究 ——以江苏东台条子泥垦区为例

依据滨海新围垦区——江苏条子泥垦区内产业模式的规划和建设,从直接经济利益、环境污染成本、生态效益方面进行研究,探讨滨海围垦区传统农业产业模式和生态产业模式的效益。研究结果表明,在相同土地利用规模下,相较于传统农业产业模式,生态产业模式的直接经济利益、生态效益和综合效益分别增加了1.37、1.65和2.05倍,同时环境污染成本减少了100%。通过生态产业模式替代传统农业产业模式,显著提升了滨海围垦区直接经济利益和生态效益,研究成果可以为滨海围垦区传统农业产业模式转型和生态建设提供理论和实践参考。     

Quantifying spatial supply-demand mismatches in ecosystem services provides insights for land-use planning

Global trends in land-use changes, including urbanization and abandonment of rural areas, have important repercussions for the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES). In this study, we assessed and mapped the supply and demand of three ES (water provision, climate regulation, and outdoor recreation) along an urban-rural gradient in the Madrid region (Spain) from 1990 to 2012. We mapped ES supply, based on land use/land cover (LULC) data, using InVEST models and complementary methods, and ES demand, using population density and demand indicators. Then, we explored spatial supply-demand mismatches at a municipality spatial scale. Despite an increase in ES supply in some areas, a general increase in ES demand led to increasing dependence by the Madrid metropolitan area on outlying areas. We found that the number of municipalities that exhibited mismatches between the supply and demand in ES increased throughout the study period, due mainly to urban sprawl. Our results suggest the need for comprehensive land-use planning at the regional scale, taking into account that many ES flows reach beyond municipality boundaries. Finally, we discuss the utility of analyzing spatial mismatches in the supply and demand of ES for land-use planning and decision-making.     

Tracking 130 years of coastal wetland reclamation in Ria Formosa,Portugal: Opportunities for conservation and aquaculture

Economic activities in coastal wetlands are often perceived as incompatible with nature conservation. This negative perception stems from the visible impacts resulting from a continuous process of coastal wetland reclamation, as human pressure increases significantly in global coastal areas. The largest coastal wetland area in southern Portugal, the Ria Formosa, shares a similar perception, where current nature protection status often conflicts with the needed economic development. Here we explore how the economic activities influenced the wetland reclamation process in Ria Formosa, addressing namely aquaculture identified as an activity with a significant compatibilization potential. Different datasets were merged in a Geographical Information System, tracking land use change in Ria Formosa wetlands over the last 130 years at decadal intervals. Our results show that since the end of the 19^th century nearly 2000 ha of wetlands were converted to anthropic environments, resulting in a 20 % natural area reduction. From 1885 until the mid-20^th century, land use policy was influenced by the significant regional seafood preservation industry, with large swaths of wetlands diked, drained and excavated to give place to traditional salt farms. The following economic downturn gave place for the late industrialization of salt farms, further increasing the reclaimed wetland areas, later stalling with the recognition of the environmental importance of Ria Formosa in 1978. Aquaculture only gained momentum in 1980’s with the support of European funding, resulting in the conversion of many unproductive diked areas. However, late 20^th century and current land use policy shifted to a nature conservation focus, therefore limiting the use of previously reclaimed areas, a challenge that influenced the abandonment of the modified areas. By studying the long-term change of land use in Ria Formosa, we argue that in high conservation value areas new policies should be considered that stimulate the development of an ecosystem approach to economic activities, namely aquaculture, improving simultaneously the regional environmental status and socioeconomic sustainable development.     

Spatio-temporal variances and risk evaluation of land finance in China at the provincial level from 1998 to 2017

Excessive dependence on land finance (hereafter LF) in China’s urbanisation process has generated various problems and compromised the interests of future generations, hence a transformation from “land urbanisation” to “population urbanisation” is now called for. Nevertheless, before turning towards a new urbanisation strategy, the spatio-temporal variances of LF and associated risks for regional sustainability deserve further investigation. This study developed a comprehensive evaluation indicator system from administrative, economic, social and ecological perspectives, to evaluate the LF risks at provincial scale in mainland China from 1998 to 2017, applying the combined AHP-Entropy method and Multi-Criteria analysis. The results indicated that land transfer dependence remained high across all provinces over the last two decades, and the LF risk increased accordingly. In 2015, economic, social, and total risks of China as a whole all reached a “high” risk level, ecological risk was at the level of “critical”, although administrative risk kept going down and was at a “low” risk level in recent years, thanks to the persistent nation-wide effort on cracking down on corruption. Spatially, total LF risk generally presented a declining gradient from east to west. Through analysing the tentative and plausible causes to above spatio-temporal variances, five policy suggestions were put forward: (1) reforming current cadre assessment and fiscal decentralisation systems; (2) transforming the residential housing supply structure; (3) establishing a comprehensive land ecological conservation system; (4) promoting a flexible leasehold mechanism in primary land market; and (5) restructuring the industrial layout to defuse differentiated LF risks across provinces. With empirical data and comprehensive risk evaluations, this study contributed to improve our knowledge on the spatio-temporal patterns of LF and its associated risks at provincial scale, helped to inform future urbanisation policy designs and ultimately to promote regional sustainability for China and beyond.     

Experimental evidence on the resilience of a cap & trade system for land consumption in Germany

The German government has committed to substantially limiting future land consumption. Among the most prominently discussed policy instruments is the implementation of a cap & trade system for land consumption, in which a limited amount of certificates is allocated to and traded by municipalities. Since these certificates would be a prerequisite for conducting building projects, this system is expected to reduce urban sprawl and foster the efficient allocation of land consumption projects. While previous empirical studies have supported these projections, the potential fragility of a cap & trade system in the case of macroeconomic shocks has not been considered. In three laboratory experiments, we simulate the impact of economic and budgetary crises within a cap & trade scheme for land consumption. We find that a market-based system succeeds in compensating macroeconomic disturbances with only minor welfare losses. Certificate prices in auctions and trading are somewhat more volatile before shocks, yet normalize afterwards. Trading volumes and the specifics of project realizations remain largely unaffected. Unrelated to the macroeconomic shocks, auction and market prices persistently diverge, leading to income redistributions to the state. Overall, our evidence supports the introduction of a market-based certificate scheme to reduce land consumption in Germany due to its resilience against potential shocks.     

沿海围垦区蓄淡工程优化布局

淡水资源紧缺是江苏沿海大规模围垦与开发以及生态环境保护的重要制约因素,如何建立更加高效、高保障度的水资源保障体系,有效增加水资源供给,合理利用水资源,将是江苏沿海开发中面临的一个巨大挑战。结合围垦区(包括人工岛)淡水资源的分布与关联,根据《江苏沿海滩涂围垦开发利用规划纲要》需要,研究蓄淡工程的类型、规模和布局(河口水库、河网节制闸、天然湿地、平原水库),确定蓄淡工程规模和优化组合方案,评估蓄淡工程综合效用和影响(包括经济、社会、环境效益评价和利弊分析),提出兼顾供水、防洪、环保、海洋等行业需求的沿海围垦区蓄淡工程布局模式。研究改变现有基于陆地的水资源开发利用的模式,建立海陆结合的新型水资源开发模式。研究成果不仅仅可解决未来江苏沿海大开发淡水资源缺乏的问题,也为解决今后东部沿海城市尤其是北方沿海城市水资源的匮乏提供新思路。     

The impact of exurban development on forested areas in Kurgan City,Russia

Exurban communities—a significant form of urban sprawl—can transform natural land cover. Exurban development refers to an expansion of communities located outside a city and its suburbs. One of the main reasons these settlements develop is a desire by residents to live closer to nature and developers’ recognition of the profitability of addressing this desire. Additionally, exurbs can become prosperous regions settled by people with high income. However, exurban development not only directly affects community patterns, but also species patterns, habitat reduction and disconnection, as well as land cover and land use alterations. The purpose of this paper is a quantitative analysis of the land cover transformation and forest fragmentation in Post-Soviet Russia, based on an empirical case study of the city of Kurgan. This case study also contributes to the overall research of urban sprawl in Russian provinces by adding to the discussion of homeowners’ behavior, regional environmental policies, and their role concerning the impacts of exurban settlements on the natural environment. This paper uses remote sensing imagery, census data, and primary data to analyze land cover change due to the emergence of exurban communities around Kurgan, Russia, with specific emphasis on the changes to native vegetation resulting from human behavior and stakeholder preferences.     

The political economy of wine: How terroir and intra-sector dynamics affect land use in Spain

This paper provides a constructive critique of Corrine Cash's paper “Good governance and strong political will: Are they enough for transformation?”, published in volume 58 of Land Use Policy in 2016. By focusing on how intra-sector dynamics influence land use policies in conflicts revolving around urban sprawl, this paper aims to complement and, to some extent, widen the analytic lens deployed by Cash. The examination of the Spanish wine sector and its lack of zoning policies confirms Cash's argument about the need to go beyond discourses of ‘good governance’ and ‘strong political will’ to understand the dynamics underpinning real spatial processes. However, this exploration underscores the need to add layers of complexity to land use analyses, showing the relevance of intra-sector conflict and logics. In complicating any simplistic reduction of urban sprawl conflicts to rural–urban oppositions, the paper ultimately calls for a more dynamic and multiscalar planning theory to address complex governance issues.     

Implications of land use transitions and climate change on local flooding in urban areas: An assessment of 42 Indian cities

Urban development induced land transitions affect urban hydrology, resulting in increased flooding risks. Climate change-related precipitation changes are an added complexity to the flood risks of cities. This study examines the role of land use changes in determining the occurrence of urban flooding events across 42 Indian cities under current and future climate change scenarios. Landsat images for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 have been processed using a hybrid classification technique to determine the land use shares for all cities. A typical event-count study using newspaper archives has been conducted to create a flooding event database. A multilevel model employing logistic mixed-effects approach was used. Future projections of the occurrence of flooding events for nine models under three climate change-related Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)—2.6, 4.5, and 8.5—and three urban development scenarios have been carried out. The results suggest that cities should preserve the land uses that act as a sponge—the green, open and blue spaces. As these spaces decrease, the projected flooding events increase. Under the RCP 2.6 scenario, the number of flooding events is significantly lower (95 % confidence) than under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. The expected flooding occurrences between RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are not significantly different (95 % confidence) for many scenarios, suggesting that Indian cities should aim for a world temperature increase of below 2 °C, or devastating consequences are imminent. This study highlights the need for Indian cities to undertake integrated spatial planning measures for a resilient, sustainable urban future.     

江苏近岸海域水动力特征及其对围垦工程的响应

在回顾国内外近岸海域水动力特征及人类活动影响研究的基础上,以揭示江苏近岸潮滩 沙洲海域水动力特征及其对大范围围填海工程的响应为研究目标,对中国沿海大范围潮波运动模拟、江苏沿海独特地形地貌形态下高分辨率潮流数值模拟、江苏沿海大范围波浪场分布特征研究以及围垦工程与水动力条件变迁之间的响应这4个方面进行研究,阐述了研究的技术路线和预期成果。