世贸组织争端解决机制评析

世贸组织争端解决机制对促进国际贸易健康发展和维系世贸组织自身正常运作起重要作用.世贸组织常设的争端解决机构为规范地解决争端奠定了基础,明显优于关贸总协定争端解决机制.世贸组织解决成员国之间贸易争端的主要方法有协商、斡旋、调解和调停、专家小组、上诉复审、执行程序和仲裁程序等,其解决争端具有单一性、争端解决机构权威性及"全体一致否认"通过决议方式等特点.     

世贸组织争端解决机制的几个法律问题

世贸组织框架下的争端解决机制,在时间限制、解决效率、上诉审查等方面,发展和完善了关贸总协定的不足,它有一整套完整的法律体系,使贸易争端解决机制由关贸总协定框架下的＂权力导向＂发展到现在的＂规范导向＂。自世贸组织建立以来,该争端解决机构解决了大量的国际贸易争端,促进了国际贸易的自由发展。     

世贸组织争端解决机制的几个法律问题

世贸组织框架下的争端解决机制,在时间限制、解决效率、上诉审查等方面,发展和完善了关贸总协定的不足,它有一整套完整的法律体系,使贸易争端解决机制由关贸总协定框架下的＂权力导向＂发展到现在的＂规范导向＂。自世贸组织建立以来,该争端解决机构解决了大量的国际贸易争端,促进了国际贸易的自由发展。     

WTO反倾销争端案件特点及趋势

世贸组织成立14年来,其争端解决机构受理的案件越来越多。这种状况一方面反映了国际贸易领域中,各国不同贸易政策之间的摩擦与碰撞不断;另一方面也表明世界各国已基本认可世贸组织是一个能够比较有效解决贸易纠纷和协调贸易政策的场所。WTO争端解决机制在解决国际贸易纠纷方面正发挥着不可替代的作用。虽然我国作为申诉方的争端案件只有2起（美国钢铁保障措施案,美国铜版纸反倾销和反补贴案）,     

从GATT/WTO争端解决实践论WTO环保例外条款

文章通过分析GATT/WTO时期的争端解决实践,阐述了专家组和上诉机构在解释WTO环保例外条款上所发生的变化,表明WTO在处理贸易和环境关系问题上日益倾向于环境保护,努力促成贸易和环境保护的平衡。     

质疑WTO

一、“世界贸易组织决定政府的政策”吗? 世界贸易组织不会告诉政府该如何执行他们的贸易政策,它是一个“驱策”成员国的机构,其意思也就是说: 1)世贸组织体系的规则是各成员国之间谈判达成的协议; 2)这些规章制度得到各成员国议会的批准; 3)世贸组织的决策通常由各成员国一致通过,换而言之,世贸组织的决策是谈判协商的,可解释的,民主的。 世贸组织机构对某一政府产生直接影响的惟一情节是,当争端被递交到世贸组织,而争端解决机制(包括所有成员国)必须进行裁定时,通常争端解决机制通过采纳专家小组或上诉     

WTO争端解决机制及其应对策略

一、WTO争端解决机制的基本程序及其实质根据《世界贸易组织争端解决规则与程序的谅解》（简称DSU）的规定，WTO争端解决机制由适用范围、管理与运作、一般原则、基本程序、建议与裁决的实施和监督、补偿与减让的中止、涉及最不发达成员国的特殊程序、专家组的工作程序、专家组复审等环节构成。其中，基本程序最能体现WTO争端解决机制的涵蕴。具体而言，WTO争端解决机制的基本程序包括协商、斡旋、调解和调停、仲裁、专家组程序、上诉程序、对执行争端解决机构的建议或裁决的监督、制裁（补偿与报复）。     

WTO裁决执行的复审问题

在WTO争端解决机制中,对于败诉方是否执行了裁决,争议双方往往会出现分歧。WTO对此创设了裁决执行异议的复审程序,召回原专家组"二次开庭",对分歧做出裁定。WTO成立14年来,WTO成员通过协商解决及复审专家组和上诉机构的解释,在实践中积累了丰富的案例和经验,为进一步完善争端解决机制做出了贡献。     

WTO裁决执行的复审问题北大核心CSSCISSCI

在WTO争端解决机制中,对于败诉方是否执行了裁决,争议双方往往会出现分歧。WTO对此创设了裁决执行异议的复审程序,召回原专家组"二次开庭",对分歧做出裁定。WTO成立14年来,WTO成员通过协商解决及复审专家组和上诉机构的解释,在实践中积累了丰富的案例和经验,为进一步完善争端解决机制做出了贡献。     

汽车零部件争端中国败诉

7月18日，世界贸易组织争端解决机构专家组公布了关于中国与美国、欧盟和加拿大三方汽车零部件争端的裁决报告。认定中国对进口零部件的关税管理构成歧视，对超过整车60％以上的进口零部件按整车征税的做法违反了相关贸易规则。这是中国自加入世贸组织以来首次在贸易争端中败诉。     

Beyond trade creation: Preferential trade agreements and trade disputes

This study investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTA) on bilateral trade disputes. We construct a unique and comprehensive dataset on inter-country trade disputes from 1995 to 2007. The dataset covers 110 countries and 1,162 bilateral country-pair trade disputes. Using this dataset in a gravity-type model of trade dispute analysis, we find that countries belonging to the same PTA tend to experience fewer trade conflicts among themselves than with non-member countries. By studying various types of PTA with different dispute settlement mechanisms, we further find that the dispute-reducing effect only comes from PTA with specific provisions on dispute settlement mechanisms. Moreover, the effect is stronger if those PTA explicitly stipulate that members can also resolve their disputes via the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. However, having PTA that do not address how members should resolve their disputes may lead to more dispute initiations than in cases without PTA.     

The Economics of Trade Disputes, the GATT's Article XXIII, and the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding

Economic theory has yet to provide a convincing argument that can explain why the threat of retaliation under the GATT/WTO dispute settlement procedures is not sufficient to prevent countries from violating the agreement. We consider the question of why countries violate the agreed–upon rules in the face of explicit provisions which allow them to legally adjust their trade policy. Using the GATT/WTO institutional structure and the guiding principle of reciprocity, we provide a theory suggesting when countries will choose to implement protection in violation of GATT/WTO rules, as opposed to under the relevant safeguards provisions, when trade policy adjustments are necessary between "negotiating rounds."     

是什么导致了“污染天堂”:贸易还是FDI?——来自中国省级面板数据的证据

本文利用1999-2008年中国省级面板数据,应用新近发展的面板向量自回归模型,研究FDI、贸易和环境规制之间的互动关系。结果发现,污染天堂假说在中国基本成立,而导致中国环境压力增大的最主要因素,并非是外商直接投资,而是自由贸易。这个结论有力地支持了西方污染中国的命题。进一步分析还发现,环境规制与对外贸易存在非对称的互动关系:环境规制对对外贸易存在显著负面影响,证实了污染天堂效应的存在;但反过来,对外贸易在一定程度上有利于环境治理努力的增强。最后本文选择多种环境规制指标和划分东、中、西部子样本的方法进行稳健性分析,证实了结论的可靠性。     

充分利用入世机遇 大力发展外向型农业

发展外向型农业是利用入世机遇、增强中国农业竞争力的内在要求。本文探讨了入世后中国农业面临的发展机遇，分析了中国农业的比较优势，对利用入世机遇，发挥比较优势，大力发展外向型农业提出了对策建议。     

Trade policy under the GATT/WTO: empirical evidence of the equal treatment rule

Abstract. A fundamental difference between multilateral trade agreements like the GATT and WTO and a preferential agreement is the multilateral agreements’ inclusion of a most‐favoured‐nation principle. Though MFN requires that members implement policies that provide equal treatment to all GATT/WTO countries, how far do members actually follow the MFN principle when so required? We empirically investigate a sample of GATT/WTO trade disputes and the effect of successful dispute settlement negotiations on the disputed product trade of third country exporters to the defendant country. We document evidence of trade liberalization consistent with defendant countries successfully applying the equal treatment rule. JEL classification F13     

Macroeconomic determinants of the world trade disputes

This article is whether and how the world macroeconomic environments influence the world trade disputes. We use two-pronged approach. First, we try to answer the question whether and how global macroeconomic environments are attached to the count of the world trade disputes. Even if the traditional literature captures it at the national-level, global picture needs to be completed. The second question we address is that given the set of trade dispute initiating countries, whether and how differently high-, middle- and low-income countries respond to their macroeconomic environments in their decision-makings of trade disputes initiations. The universe in the second question is a selected set of the filing countries only, not all countries on this planet. One can capture the behaviours of the countries involved in the trade disputes under certain macroeconomic circumstances. The period is from 1995 to 2008, covering all records of trade disputes since the birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO).     

CONCEPTS OF FAIRNESS IN THE GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM

Abstract.  We first discuss why fairness is a condition of the agreements among governments that form the global trading system. We then suggest that fairness can best be considered within the framework of two concepts: equality of opportunity and distributive equity. We thereafter discuss what these mean as applied to market access and its supporting rules as well as to dispute settlement and trade remedy measures. Finally, we make some comments about fairness in the Doha Development Round.     

The WTO dispute settlement system: a first assessment from an economic perspective

We explore the incentives countries face in trade litigationwithin the new WTO dispute settlement system. Our analysis yieldsa number of interesting predictions, First, because sanctionsare ruled out during the litigation process, the dispute settlementsystem does not preclude all new trade restrictions. However,the agenda-setting capacity of the complainant, including itsright to force a decision, make trade restrictions less attractivethan under the WTO's predecessor, GATT. Second, the system'sappellate review provides the losing defendant with strong incentivesto delay negative findings, and both parties with a possibilityto signal their determinacy in fighting the case. Third, a relativelyweak implementation procedure potentially reinforces incentivesto violate WTO trade rules. Fourth, bilateral settlements aremore likely at an early stage in the process and are biasedtoward the expected outcome of the formal dispute settlementprocedure. Empirical evidence based on a first dataset of casesat an advanced stage of the litigation process provides qualitativesupport for our claims.     

试析欧共体贸易保护工具与WTO体制的“对接”——以TBR为例

贸易壁垒条例（TBR）是欧共体贸易保护法中首要的旨在保护欧共体在第三国贸易利益的进攻性法律手段。欧共体企业或产业协会依据TBR相关规定可向委员会提供有关第三国贸易保护与市场进入壁垒方面的信息,而委员会在权衡“共同体利益”后可决定是否向WTO提起争端解决程序,由此TBR在某种程度上与WTO体制实现了“对接”。在全球金融危机的负面影响仍未完全消退、多哈回合谈判仍陷于僵局的背景下,我国应密切跟踪国外贸易保护主义的发展趋势,切实发挥贸易预警和贸易调查制度的作用并完善相关制度建设,以便积极应对国际贸易摩擦和争端。     

How effective is the Free Trade Agreement in South Asia? An empirical investigation

We investigate the efficacy of preferential trade liberalization in changing the observed trade pattern among the South Asian countries that have entered into the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). Although in its nascent stage, some data are now available to provide an ex-post evaluation of the performance of this bloc. Using these data, we find no empirical evidence of trade creation among SAFTA members, which is not surprising given that tariff concessions in SAFTA are small and are offset by complicated rules of origin procedure. However, a substantial and statistically significant increase in exports from SAFTA members to the rest of the world is found. Several panel strategies are used to check the sensitivity of the results against the assumptions of the estimation strategies. As some key coefficient estimates are found to differ across estimation methods, policymakers in South Asia need to use care in relying on the results from empirical studies, including our own, in formulating their trade policies.