浅论国际货币体系改革

一、国际货币体系改革的主要方案和建议1.创立国际商品储备体系由于许多发展中国家受初级产品和原材料价格剧烈波动的影响,国际收支状况经常恶化。一些经济学家提出了创立以商品为基础的国际储备货币,以解决初级产品价格波动和国际储备制度不稳定的问题。     

商品共同基金与中国

<正> 一、共同基金的由来 绝大部分发展中国家的出口是以初级产品为主。发展中国家生产的初级产品,以极低的价格输往发达国家市场,然后以高价购买发达国家的制成品,其中有的制成品就是利用它们出口的原料加工的。多少年来,在国际市场上发展中国     

“复关”后我国的初级产品出口

<正> 由于初级产品在国际市场上贸易条件日趋恶化,发展中国家普遍采取各种政策措施,优化出口结构,以减少初级产品廉价出口。我国自1981年第一次工业制成品出口额超过初级产品出口额以来,经过十多年的努力,出     

浅论国际货币体系改革

<正>一、国际货币体系改革的主要方案和建议1.创立国际商品储备体系由于许多发展中国家受初级产品和原材料价格剧烈波动的影响,国际收支状况经常恶化。一些经济学家提出了创立以商品为基础的国际储备货币,以解决初级产品价格波动和国际储备制度不稳定的问题。     

南北经贸何处去

以发展中国家的经济发展为中心的南北经济关系,是当前世界经济形势中头等重要的问题。长期以来,由于北方国家推行旧的经济秩序,以加重债务负担、压低原料与能源价格和推行贸易保护主义为手段,使许多发展中国家在经济的恢复与发展依然十分缓慢。发展中国家初级产品出口价格不稳定,贸易条件不断恶化,制成品出口受到限制,工业化进程严重受阻,这些矛盾依然存在,有的还在继续恶化。     

国际商品协定阐微

<正> 国际商品协定,是指南部发展中的国家某些初级产品的出口和北部经济发达的进口国间就这项商品的进入市场、订价政策等主要问题,经过协商后所缔结的协定。它的特征是设定最高价格与最低价格,即所谓“价格带”来抑制价格的波动,以达到稳定价格的目的。这是解决南北贸易问题的方式之一。初级产品贸易问题,是围绕南北问题有关的国际会议上最主要的争论点。因为发展中国家输出所得大半依靠初级产品,它占总输出额的60%以上,发展最差的ACP各国(非洲、加勒比海及太平洋地区贫困的国家),对初级产品的依存达80—90%,而初级产品的特性是价格在短期内变动的幅度较大,而且需要和供给方面都缺乏弹性。由于供给方面变化大,特别是农产品受自然条件限制大,供给数量极不稳定,而且供给价格的     

论初级产品出口

当今世界初级产品出口的贸易条件恶化,导致以出口初级产品为主的国家受其影响而陷于贫困,这是因为发达国家的生产结构多样化,工资水平高,而发展中国家的生产结构单调,发展本国经济所需的大量进口使得发展中国家不得不出售自己的特有产品。这给我们两点启示:不能片面追求机电产品出口而轻视初级产品的出口,不能盲目追求“拳头”产品以振兴出口。     

FDI对我国价格贸易条件影响的实证分析

本文利用1985～2006年的统计数据,建立了包含价格贸易条件、初级产品进口额、工业制成品出口额、贸易顺差和外资企业出口占我国出口总额的比重这5个变量的协整模型和误差修正模型,对外商直接投资对我国价格贸易条件的影响进行了实证分析,实证结果表明工业制成品出口是导致价格贸易条件恶化的重要原因,而初级产品进口对改善价格贸易条件有正效应,但正效应目前还不显著,FDI对改善我国的价格贸易条件有显著的正效应。在此基础上,本文提出了改善我国价格贸易条件的政策建议。     

我国大宗商品出口需求价格弹性与最优出口关税——以稀土为例

出口税作为最常用的一种出口限制措施近来在各国贸易政策中屡见不鲜。现有文献对依据"勒纳对称定理"得到的最优关税结论存有异议。文章首先研究了大国作为唯一出口国情况下最优出口关税的决定,认为已有文献关于最优出口税结果不同的根源在于假设差异所致,然后,分析了非唯一出口国情况下大国最优出口关税的决定,最优出口关税和出口商品的需求价格弹性、本国出口所占世界市场份额和其他出口国的供给弹性有关,最后,以稀土为例,采用面板数据模型测算了我国稀土出口的需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性,并得到了我国稀土出口的最优关税。     

我国大宗商品出口需求价格弹性与最优出口关税——以稀土为例北大核心CSSCISSCI

出口税作为最常用的一种出口限制措施近来在各国贸易政策中屡见不鲜。现有文献对依据"勒纳对称定理"得到的最优关税结论存有异议。文章首先研究了大国作为唯一出口国情况下最优出口关税的决定,认为已有文献关于最优出口税结果不同的根源在于假设差异所致,然后,分析了非唯一出口国情况下大国最优出口关税的决定,最优出口关税和出口商品的需求价格弹性、本国出口所占世界市场份额和其他出口国的供给弹性有关,最后,以稀土为例,采用面板数据模型测算了我国稀土出口的需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性,并得到了我国稀土出口的最优关税。     

A Global Assessment of the Economic Effects of Export Taxes

This paper uses a new detailed global data set on export taxes at the HS6 level and the MIRAGE global Computable General Equilibrium model to assess the impact of export taxes on the world economy. We find that removing export taxes would have worldwide effects: the average export tax on global merchandise trade was 0.48 per cent in 2007, with the bulk of these taxes imposed on energy products. The removal of these taxes would increase global welfare by 0.23 per cent, a larger figure than expected gains from the Doha Round. Both developed and emerging economies, such as China and India, would gain from such policies even if they currently impose export taxes. Medium and small food‐importing countries without market power (such as the least‐developed countries) would also benefit from the elimination of export restrictions – especially during food crisis situations. Both the energy sector and the export taxes implemented by the Commonwealth of Independent States countries appear to play a critical role in the overall economic impact of such a policy change. However, the fact that some countries, such as Argentina, would experience income losses due to such a policy change is a major challenge to overall positive reform in this area.     

Border tax adjustments and U.S. trade

This paper reports welfare and terms of trade effects from border adjustments in the indirect taxes used by major U.S. trading partners using a numerical general equilibrium model of world trade and production due to Whalley (1985). Where the United States is a net importer of manufactures (as with Japan and the EEC) the United States gains by having these countries administer taxes on a destination rather than an origin basis. This is because the taxes involved typically have higher rates on manufactured products, and a discriminatory origin basis tax with higher rates on exportables operates akin to an export tax.     

加入WTO后促进企业出口的财税对策

财税政策在促进企业的出口方面一直发挥着重要的作用.加入WTO后,制定政策的制度环境发生了变化.本文考察了与企业出口有关的五个方面.它们分别是:反倾销、出口退税、开拓国际市场、研发与技术创新,及绿色贸易等.对每一个方面,我们在分析其现状、国际经验和WTO规则的基础上提出了相应的财税政策建议.     

我国纺织服装出口限制政策选择悖论及经济学解释

本文首先从理论上分析比较了三类纺织品出口限制政策——出口关税、出口配额和出口行业生产税的福利效应。在此基础上,结合我国纺织品出口限制政策的选择,可以发现我国政府放弃的是总体福利损失相对较小的出口关税措施;最终采用的是对社会整体福利损失可能最大的出口配额政策,而仅对生产有扭曲作用、且福利损失最小的出口行业生产税措施并没有出台。本文对我国这一政策选择"悖论"给出了初步的经济学解释。     

出口税的世贸组织规则及其经济效应分析

本文对出口税的世贸组织规则作了完整的分析。出口税没有列入减让表,世贸组织的成员方不承担减让义务,也不存在通知的义务;出口税被列入“应通知措施的指示性清单”,但名存实亡;世贸组织的现行规则对出口税几乎不存在具体的纪律约束;但中国在入世时的承诺构成了中国应遵守的世贸组织规则的一部分。出口税经济效应的分析是复杂的,这一分析过程要考虑产品的需求弹性和供给弹性、产品的替代和互补、产业链的前向联系和后向联系。本论文对中国实施部分纺织品从量征税方式加征出口关税具有认识意义。     

Tax policy and entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from Sweden

This paper examines the relationship between income taxes and the decision to become self-employed using data from Sweden. By making it possible to track a large number of individuals over extended time periods and across a number of tax rate changes while controlling for important additional determinants, available tax-return information from Sweden allows for statistical estimation of the influence that income taxes have on the probability of becoming self-employed. The changing tax rate structure combined with the fact that the Swedish tax system does not provide additional tax benefits to small-business entrepreneurs compared with those who work as employees provides a powerful setting through which to examine the tax rate structure’s influence on individuals’ choice to become self-employed. Contrary to many earlier studies based on US data, this paper finds that both average and marginal taxes have a negative impact on the decision to become self-employed.     

从环境税制国际实践看我国污染税制度建设

税收作为政府使用的一种重要经济手段,具有资源配置、调控经济等职能,美国、欧盟等已经将征税列入环境保护的有效措施。我国目前虽然也设有与环境保护相关的税种,但缺乏环境保护专门的税种,有关规定也不健全,对环境保护的税收优惠单一,缺乏针对性和灵活性。我国应将部分排污费改为环境污染税,使其成为环境税制的主体税种,调整现行的资源税,扩大征收范围,提高征收标准,完善计税依据,并对相关的消费税进行一定的调整。     

Infrastructure Endowment and Corporate Income Taxes as Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern European Countries

This paper analyses the importance of taxes on corporate income and production‐related tangible infrastructure as determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). We operationalise taxes using effective average tax rates on the bilateral level and employ indices derived from principal component analysis as a proxy for the infrastructure endowment. In the empirical analysis we control for a possible interrelation between taxes and infrastructure as determinants of FDI – an issue usually neglected in the literature. Specifically, a favourable infrastructure endowment may compensate for relatively high taxes. Hence, higher taxes may not deter FDI. The results from our panel econometric analysis of bilateral outward FDI flows of seven home countries in eight CEECs for the 1995–2004 period in an augmented gravity model setting show that (i) both taxes and infrastructure play a role in the location decisions made by multinational enterprises; (ii) telecommunication and transport infrastructure are of special significance to FDI; and (iii) the tax‐rate sensitivity of FDI indeed decreases with the level of infrastructure endowment.     

中国出口企业应对国外反倾销的营销策略研究

文章以中国出口产品遭遇的反倾销为研究对象,透过中国成为反倾销最大受害国的现象,从企业角度剖析了中国产品遭遇反倾销的原因,得出了提高中国出口企业的国际市场营销水平是应对反倾销的有效举措的结论,并提出了中国企业应对反倾销的国际市场营销策略.