个人所得税再分配效应分析

个人所得税是调节收入分配差距的有效手段。本文以2000-2010年之间的数据作为样品,对个人所得税的再分配效应以及累进性建立理论模型进行了实证分析,分析影响其变化的深层次的原因,实证分析结果表明：我国的个人所得税起到了正向的调节作用,即缩小了收入分配之间的差距,并且该作用正在逐年加强,但是调节效果比较有限。我国的平均税率偏低,并且累进性呈现下降的趋势,其中工资薪金是个人所得税累进性的主要来源。本文提出了相应的改革策略。     

我国个人所得税对收入分配的影响:不同来源数据与角度的考察

本文以税前后收入份额差距、平均税率作为指标,分别从纳税人与收入的角度对2000-2009年间我国个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性进行了考察。基于公开统计数据的计算表明:就纳税人角度而言,个人所得税在收入分配方面发挥了明显的正效应,而且还呈现出不断加强的累进性。基于学者王小鲁测算的数据所进行的计算则表明:个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性相对较弱,且从收入角度来看,个人所得税反而表现出累退性。有关结论的差异提示,改善征管与统计状况是转向分类综合模式个税,加强个税再分配功能的必要条件。     

The Effect of China＇s Individual Income Tax on Income Distribution： Based on Different Perspectives and Data from Different Sources

本文以税前后收入份额差距、平均税率作为指标,分别从纳税人与收入的角度对2000—2009年间我国个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性进行了考察。基于公开统计数据的计算表明：就纳税人角度而言,个人所得税在收入分配方面发挥了明显的正效应,而且还呈现出不断加强的累进性。基于学者王小鲁测算的数据所进行的计算则表明：个人所得税的再分配效应与累进性相对较弱,且从收入角度来看,个人所得税反而表现出累退性。有关结论的差异提示,改善征管与统计状况是转向分类综合模式个税,加强个税再分配功能的必要条件。     

免征额变动对个人所得税累进性的影响

个人所得税是调节收入分配最直接的税种,累进性是其核心要义.近年来,中国个人所得税免征额的频繁变动,对个人所得税累进性产生了怎样的影响,是本文试图研究的内容.本文在2007年抽样调查数据的基础上,计算和模拟了在不同免征额条件下中国个人所得税的Musgrave和Thin指数及Kakwani指数这两个比较常用的测度税收累进性的指数.同时,通过对Kakwani指数分解,计算了税率结构和免征额对个人所得税累进性的贡献程度.     

我国个人所得税累进性的实证分析:1995-2006

税收累进性是评价税制公平性的重要标准之一。在对税收累进性测量方法梳理和述评的基础上,实证分析了1995-2006年间我国个人所得税的累进性,得到以下结论:除低收入户、中等偏下户和最高收入户某些年份出现累退情况外,其余收入阶层都是累进的:个人所得税制是累进的,且除2001-2002年外,累进性变动轨迹是唯一的。不过,总体累进性呈下降趋势。随后,进一步进行成因分析,并提出相应的政策建议。     

新一轮个人所得税改革的收入再分配效应研究——基于CHIP 2018的测算分析

个人所得税是重要的再分配工具,其再分配效应一直受到各界的关注.本文使用CHIP 2018数据库,对2018年个人所得税改革方案的收入再分配效应进行测算分析,研究发现:综合课征有利于提高个人所得税的平均税率、累进性和再分配效应;基本减除费用标准提高、专项附加扣除和税率级距改变均在不同程度上提高了个人所得税的累进性,降低个人所得税的平均税率,从而削弱个人所得税的收入再分配效应;综合课征会增强基本减除费用标准、专项附加扣除和税率结构改变对个人所得税收入再分配效应的影响;在各项改革措施的共同作用下,此次税改整体上提高了个人所得税的累进性,但导致个人所得税的平均税率和收入再分配指数大幅降低50％以上.本文使用改革当年的住户调查数据,全面考察个人所得税改革的收入再分配效应,丰富了有关新一轮个人所得税改革再分配效应的研究.     

个人所得税税制改革——工资、薪金所得适用税率设计的探索

个人所得税的功能是调节居民收入的分配，从我国现阶段的国情来看工资、薪金所得适用税率为九级超额累进税率，存在档次偏多，级距偏小。边际税率偏高等缺陷，不能很好地实现个人所得税调节居民收入的分配的功能，本文将分析工资、薪金所得适用税率改革方案的可行性，并且提出工资薪金税率改革的具体构想。     

关于工资薪金个人所得税的纳税筹划

随着我国经济的快速发展,企业职工收入水平的不断提高,收入的差距也越来越大,为了有效地发挥税收对收入分配的调节作用,2011年9月1日起开始实施新个人所得税法,此次个人所得税的修改在起征点、纳税区间、税率级次等方面都做出了调整,我国工薪阶层是个人所得税负担的主要群体,为了减轻低收入者的纳税负担,本文以合法原则为前提,利用税收优惠政策,避免在所得税的级距临界点附近出现高税负的现象,来探讨工资薪金、全年一次性奖金的个人所得税的纳税筹划方法.     

我国个人所得税存在的问题及建议

继增值税顺利完成转型之后,我国税制得到进一步完善,个人所得税的改革也提上了日程。目前,影响我国个人所得税调节收入分配的因素有分类征收税制不合理、税率的累进程度不协调、费用扣除标准不规范、征管水平低等。分析我国税制的现状,应该改分类征收为分类综合征收、扩大累进税率覆盖范围、缩减级次,降低边际税率、规范扣除标准、加强征管,提高个人所得税效率,促进个人所得税在国民收入分配中发挥调节作用。     

发展中国家的税制累进性与再分配

发展中国家社会经济运行不规范、人均收入低、政府能力相对较差会使税制的名义累进性与实际累进性发生较大脱节.因此,一方面,在收入分配调节方面,发展中国家的税制累进性很可能具有不同于发达国家税制的特点;另一方面,发展中国家税制的再分配能力确实较发达国家差.鉴于此,在发展中国家的再分配调节过程中,应当有一些新思路:再分配效果并非指某个特定累进税种或整个税制的再分配效果,而应当是整个财政制度的再分配效果.发展中国家在实现再分配目标时,应当将整个税制纳入到财政制度的框架中,而不能纠结于某个特定税种的累进性及其在税制中的比重,即不能片面重视税制的累进性.在再分配过程中,发展中国家税制的首要任务应当是以尽量少的效率损失为再分配财政支出筹集收入,同时也可以通过税制本身的优化,努力提高税制的实际累进性,以在再分配中发挥辅助调节作用.     

Tax progressivity and self-employment: evidence from Canadian provinces

We examine the effects of personal income tax progressivity—in the sense of rising marginal income tax rate—on self-employment. The impacts of income tax progressivity on self-employment depend on the relative effects of taxing success and the presence of tax evasion opportunities. Empirical estimates using Canadian provincial data for the period 1979–2006 indicate that there is a negative association between income tax progressivity and self-employment. This suggests that the adverse impact of income tax on entrepreneurial risk-taking outweighs the tax evasion opportunities for the self-employed. An important implication of our results is that a reduction in income tax progressivity encourages self-employment. The empirical estimates are robust to the various sensitivity checks.     

Tax structure and entrepreneurship

Using macro-level panel data, we examine the effects of taxation and tax progressivity on entrepreneurship in a large group of European countries. We address two main questions. First, we try to explore whether tax increases discourage entrepreneurial activity, focusing on new self-employment (nascent entrepreneurship). Second, we investigate the impact of tax progressivity on entrepreneurship, again focusing on new self-employment. We find that tax progressivity at higher-than-average incomes has a robust negative effect on nascent entrepreneurship. We discuss the policy implications of our results.     

增值税“扩围”对城镇居民收入分配影响分析

通过微观模拟方法,就1995—2010年增值税"扩围"对城镇居民收入分配格局的影响进行模拟测算。结果显示:就整体影响而言,增值税"扩围"对收入分配的逆向调节有所减弱;就增值税和营业税各自的累进性而言,对低收入者的负面影响均较大,且消费项目间调节的差异较为明显。在继续实行增值税"扩围"的过程中,需要考虑消费项目对居民收入分配所可能产生的潜在影响,非对称地调整行业间税负。     

Optimal monetary-fiscal stabilizers under an indexed versus nonindexed tax structure

This article analyzes the optimal coordination of automatic monetary and fiscal stabilization parameters in a rational expectations context. Optimal joint settings for the average level of tax rates, the progressivity of the tax structure, and the response of the money stock to the current level of the interest rate are derived to minimize the variance of output and price.     

Redistribution of Trade Gains in the Presence of Firm and Worker Heterogeneity

Trade gains are unequally distributed; in particular, low‐ability workers lose out in terms of wages and employment probability. In this paper, we investigate the impact of redistribution schemes on aggregate and disaggregate variables. To this end, we built a trade model with trade unions, heterogeneous firms and workers. Three redistribution schemes are distinguished: unemployment benefits financed by either a wage tax, a payroll tax or a profit tax. We find that: (i) all three redistribution schemes reduce output per capita; (ii) but the marginal reduction is lowest in the wage tax funding scenario; and (iii) If the profit tax is used, labour demand for low‐ability workers increases.     

Zunächst vor der eigenen (Kirchen-)Tür kehren!

At Easter representatives of the Roman Catholic Church and of the German Protestant Church argued for more redistribution. The main tool for redistribution in the German tax system is the progressive income tax. The most important source of funding for the church, the church tax, is directly linked to income. However, for top earners an alternative tax scale applies. In most federal states the church tax is limited to a certain percentage of taxable income, a provision known as “capping”: hence, in contrast to the throughout progressive income tax, the church tax is lowered to a proportional burden for top earners. Therefore, the churches’ demands for more redistribution are inconsistent with the “capping”. An institution that campaigns for a specific type of distribution of taxation burden should at first apply the underlying principles to its own members.     

消费税调节居民收入差距效果测度——基于ELES模型方法

基于ELES模型,对消费税影响城镇居民家庭不同收入群体的八大类商品消费支出效果进行测度,结果显示:消费税导致税后家庭可支配收入的基尼系数增大,说明现行消费税对中国大陆居民收入差距整体上不具有正向调节效果。消费税改革方向是在借鉴传统经典"最优商品税理论"思想基础上更多地关注公平目标,主要基于再分配目标调整消费税范围和提高边际税率。     

Neuregelung des bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs: Umverteilungs- und Verbleibseffekte

The paper explores effects of the revision of the system of fiscal equalisation in Germany as recently agreed upon by the federal and state governments. More specifically, using a simulation analysis, it explores the distribution of gains and losses associated with changes in horizontal and vertical fiscal flows. In addition, the paper determines the degree of fiscal redistribution. While the degree of fiscal redistribution is found to be reduced for major revenue sources, local tax revenues are subject to much higher redistribution than under the status quo. Increases in local tax revenues might even result in total revenue losses for some states.     

Outsourcing, unemployment and welfare policy

The paper investigates the consequences of outsourcing of labor intensive activities to low-wage economies. This trend challenges the two basic functions of the welfare state, redistribution and social insurance when private unemployment insurance markets are missing. The main results are: (i) outsourcing raises unemployment and labor income risk of unskilled workers; (ii) it increases inequality between high- and low-income groups; and (iii) the gains from outsourcing can be made Pareto improving by using a redistributive linear income tax if redistribution is initially not too large. We finally derive the welfare optimal redistribution and unemployment insurance policies.