浅谈会计差错更正及其纳税调整

一、会计差错产生的原因(一)会计确认不当形成的会计差错根据会计确认标准对会计计量产生的影响,可以将会计确认标准分为基本确认和补充确认两大类。与基本确认标准不符的会计差错有:与权责发生制确认时间不符的会计差错,如提前或推迟确认收人或不确认实现的收入,期末应计项目与递延项目未及时调整等人为舞弊、欺诈行为;会计要素的定义和特征不符的会计差错,如账户分类不当、资产性     

基于应计可靠性的资产负债表重构

通行的应计制会计下,应计项目的可靠程度可能是会计盈余信息是否真实的关键。区别于传统资产负债表按照流动性高低进行排列,在分析应计项目可靠性高低的基础上,按照可靠性的高低对资产负债表进行重构,使会计信息使用者可以更好地解读应计项目的可靠性及各类会计信息的真实性。     

论以收付实现制为基础确认收入

收入的确认在权责发生制和收付实现制两种不同确认原则下会产生截然不同的确认金额,对成本利润的影响较大。本文着重从收付实现制确认收入的角度分析"收入确认"这一基本会计要素确认的具体运用、以及对于会计信息质量产生的影响,对可靠性、谨慎性等原则新的诠释,最后提出了收付实现制和权责发生制相结合的收入确认原则。     

浅析行政事业单位推行权责发生制的意义

<正>权责发生制,又称应收应付制或应计制,是指以应收应付作为确定本期收入和费用的标准,而不论货币资金是否在本期收到或付出。一切要素的时间确认,特别是收入和支出的时间确认,均以权利已经形成或责任义务已经发生为标准。一、推行权责发生制的背景自上个世纪90年代以来,我国政府预算会计制度经历了一系列卓有成效的改革,逐步确立了以收付实现制为基础的财政预算会计体系。但随着经济社会发展,内部外部环境的变化,现行预决算报告制度已经难以满     

识别应计可靠性与股票投资收益

应计可靠性是否可被投资者识别一直都是资本市场中各个参与方关注的问题。本文采用沪深两市2001-2007年数据,检验广义上应计项目的可靠性与股票回报之间的关系。研究发现:(1)总的来说,应计项目的可靠性与股票回报负相关;(2)对不同的应计项目之间,其可靠性与股票回报的负相关程度存在差异,应计项目的可靠性越高,负相关程度越高。     

识别应计可靠性与股票投资收益

应计可靠性是否可被投资者识别一直都是资本市场中各个参与方关注的问题。本文采用沪深两市2001—2007年数据，检验广义上应计项目的可靠性与股票回报之间的关系。研究发现：（1）总的来说，应计项目的可靠性与股票回报负相关；（2）对不同的应计项目之间，其可靠性与股票回报的负相关程度存在差异，应计项目的可靠性越高，负相关程度越高。     

可操纵应计的市场反应——来自中国证券市场的实证证据

基于应计制核算的净利润和经营活动现金流量之间的差异,可以分为不可操纵应计和可操纵应计,后者为企业管理层提供了一种重要的盈余管理手段。本文利用中国证券市场的数据,证明中国上市公司平均而言通过操纵应计项目进行了正的盈余管理,而且证券市场对可操纵应计作出了价格反应。     

应计制会计与现金制会计比较分析

应计制是会计确认的基础,财务报表中的利润表和资产负债根据应计制的基础上进行编制,而现金制作为现金流量表的编制基础,近年来以其简单、客观的特点受到越来越多财务分析师的重视,但随着康美药业案例的爆发,应计制和现金制再次成为研究的重点,本文对应计制和现金制的重要性和缺点及局限性进行分析,从而为今后的财务评价提供一定的参考意义。     

应计制向混合制转变的理论分析与实现途径

混合制是指在会计确认过程中，不单单采用应计制或现金制。而将两者结合起来使用，充分发挥两种制度的优越性，减少运用一种制度的弊端，以确保会计信息质量的真实性和可靠性。     

ST上市公司应计质量效应研究

会计盈余质量一直倍受股东、债权人及其利益相关者关注,我国现行公司账面盈余是以应计制为基础计算出来的,应计质量作为盈余质量表征变量在近几年已得到学术界普遍认可。本文利用修正的DD模型,对1999年至2006年我国A股上市的ST公司应计质量效应进行实证分析。研究发现：ST公司的应计质量较同期同规模作为控制样本的非ST公司应计质量低,表明被ST公司的盈余管理程度更高。     

The Effects of IFRS Adoption on Observed Earnings Smoothness Properties: The Confounding Effects of Changes in Timely Gain and Loss Recognition

Ball and Shivakumar [(2006), The role of accruals in asymmetrically timely gain and loss recognition. Journal of Accounting Research, 44, 207–242] show that the observed smoothness of earnings (i.e. negative contemporaneous correlation between accruals and cash flows) is the joint product of the role of accruals in smoothing out transitory fluctuations in operating cash flows (noise reduction role) and the role of accruals in providing timely recognition of economic gains and losses (contracting role). These two roles of accruals have opposite effects on earnings smoothness properties. Using a regression framework that allows us to simultaneously consider both roles, we show that failing to control for changes in timely gain and loss recognition as firms shift to IFRS can lead to erroneous inferences regarding the effects of IFRS adoption on earnings smoothness, and consequently on researcher’ conclusions about how IFRS adoption has affected accounting quality. Our results are consistent with mandatory (2005) IFRS adoption resulting in a change in the contracting role rather than the noise reduction role (or smoothness role) of accruals. A decrease in timely loss recognition, an increase in timely gain recognition, and a net decrease in asymmetric timely loss recognition are what drives the change in observed smoothness properties of earnings around mandatory IFRS adoption.     

Earnings Management Vehicles for Korean Firms

We investigated the vehicles that Korean firms use when the firms manage earnings. We partitioned our sample into low, mid and high accrual sub‐samples based on discretionary accruals. Low accrual firms are defined as income‐decreasing firms whereas the high accrual firms are considered income increasing firms in this study. We decomposed accounting earnings into cash from operations and various components of accruals in a systematic way. Next we examined the types of accruals individual firms use when the respective firms increase reported earnings. The empirical results of the study indicate that there are clear discrepancies in the earnings management vehicles firm use when the firms manage earnings depending on the directions of earnings management. More specifically, income‐increasing firms frequently employ non‐cash revenues including asset‐disposal gains. Income‐decreasing firms employ non‐cash expenses including bad‐debt expenses and asset‐disposal losses. Firms also tend to use current accruals but to a limited extent as current accruals entail cash flow implications in the following years.     

会计谜团:“利润至上”还是“现金至尊”?

由于确认与计量基础的差别,利润与现金既存在一致性,又存在着差异性。会计利润是基于应计制的账面数据;现金流量表现为企业实实在在的现金流入与流出,是一个具有多层次的概念体系,并成为企业估值、决策与管理的"至尊变量";而以应计制为基础的剩余收益,比现金流量更能确认价值的增加,并提供了一种分析企业和企业价值生成的方法。     

Reporting public sector financial results

Part of the process of recent public sector reform has involved replacing traditional cashbased accounts with accrual-based financial statements, similar to those found in the private sector. This article examines the use of accrual-based accounting in the public sector and provides examples from the UK National Health Service of situations where the accruals system may be deemed inappropriate. It shows that one possible response is to withdraw from the accruals mode and revert to cash measures, deeming the accruals adjustments to be ‘merely technical’. An alternative response is to change the mode of operating so that the cash impact of a transaction matches its accruals reporting impact. The conclusion is that there are modifications to public sector accounting practices away from those of the private sector that undermine the metaphor of running the public sector ‘like a business’.     

Cash Flow from Operations, Accruals and Earnings Persistency

Persistency of earnings is an important measure of eamings quality. It is generally accepted that the more the persistency is, the higher the quality of earnings is. We analyze the characteristic factors influencing earnings persistency, use data of A-share listed companies during 1998-2004, and find that earnings persistency is significantly related to the nature of earnings, the cash content of earnings and the quality of accruals.     

The role of cash flows and accruals in explaining security returns: evidence for the UK

The assessment of earnings usefulness in returns studies has been at the forefront of accounting research since the seminal work of Ball and Brown (1968). Recently, regulatory bodies worldwide have paid increased attention to cash flow reporting. Empirical research provides evidence that earnings information dominates cash flows in market-based accounting research. This study extends the growing empirical literature on the association of earnings and cash flows with security returns. We hypothesize that the association of cash flows with security returns improves (i) the smaller the absolute magnitude of aggregate accruals, (ii) the longer the measurement interval and (iii) the shorter the firm's operating cycle. The dataset consists of all UK firms included in the Global vantage database for the period 1984–1992. This study provides evidence that cash flows play a more important role in the marketplace when the operating cycle, magnitude of accruals and the measurement interval are taken into consideration. Moreover, results indicate that cash flows have more information content than earnings in explaining security returns.     

Camouflaged Indicators of Earnings Management†

Abstract

We argue that, in response to increased scrutiny and greater attention to accruals versus sales, firms become more likely to engage in accrual conversion (AC) cash management aimed at aligning cash and accruals with earnings and sales (e.g. by factoring of receivables). In doing so, they reduce the statistical power of standard indicators of accrual-based earnings management – in effect, camouflaging their earnings management activity. This proposition is of interest because many influential papers on earnings management have utilized accrual-based indicators to reach their conclusions. Our results indicate that firms indeed became more likely to engage in AC cash management after the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), and that this tendency was particularly pronounced among firms with strong incentives (or enhanced ability) to perform and hide earnings management. In particular, our findings suggest that the post-SOX decrease in standard measurements of accrual-based earnings management, identified in prior research, is partially attributable to firms’ increased engagement in AC cash management activity.     

超常应计的市场识别——来自我国沪市A股的经验证据

本文以2003、2004年沪市A股为样本,以应计项目作为会计盈余的质量特征,分析市场对超常应计项目的信息识别能力。结果发现:在进行股票定价时投资者能识别超常应计项目并作出反应;对于会计盈余表现好的公司,超常应计为正的公司其盈余反应系数小于超常应计为负的公司(2004年数据不明显支持该结论);对于会计盈余表现差的公司,超常应计为正的公司其盈余反应系数大于超常应计为负的公司(2003年数据不支持该结论)。本文结果也进一步证实了现金流量表在投资决策中的重要作用。     

The Predictive Value of Earnings, Cash flows and Accruals in the Period Surrounding the Asian Financial Crisis: Evidence from Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand

This paper examines the predictive value of earnings, operating cash flows and accruals in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand for the period 1994–2001. We also examine the impact of the Asian financial crisis of 1997 on the predictive power of the accounting performance measures. We regress future cash flows and future excess returns on earnings (or cash flows and accruals) for the periods 1994–1996 (pre‐crisis period), 1997–1998 (crisis period) and 1999–2001 (post‐crisis period). Our findings indicate that the accounting measures have explanatory power for 1‐year ahead cash flows. Our analyses of 1‐year ahead excess returns indicate that investors may have undervalued the accounting measures in the pre‐ and post‐crisis periods, and overvalued the measures during the crisis period.