中国旅游上市公司经营效率的测度与评价 ——基于混合DEA模型的实证分析

经营效率是衡量企业经营管理状况的重要财务指标,基于数据包络技术中的DEA-BCC模型和Malmquist指数法对我国26家旅游上市公司2011—2015年经营效率进行静态和动态测度,从旅游上市公司经营模式的自身特点、全要素生产率变动的影响因素和不同类型旅游上市公司经营效率水平等方面探讨中国旅游上市公司经营效率的发展空间.研究发现:旅游上市公司经营效率的发展状况因主营业务和管理理念的差异而不尽相同;我国旅游上市公司的全要素生产率主要得益于技术效率水平的提高;景区类、综合类和酒店类旅游上市公司的经营效率具有差异性特征;国有制旅游上市公司的经营效率还有很大提升空间.最后,依据研究结论得到若干启示.     

我国旅游上市公司规模经济与范围经济研究

旅游上市公司规模经济和范围经济研究对企业避免盲目扩张、改善多元化经营效率具有非常重要的参考价值.应用广义超越对数成本函数对我国旅游上市公司的规模经济和范围经济状况进行分析,规模经济研究结果表明:多数旅游上市公司存在规模经济,但有减弱趋势,部分公司存在规模不经济,并有恶化倾向;景区类上市公司的规模经济状况最好.总体范围经济研究发现:大部分公司存在总体范围不经济,且总体范围不经济性逐渐增强;景区类上市公司的总体范围经济性最明显.特定产品范围经济研究显示,酒店业务与旅行社业务、景区业务与旅行社业务的组合经营可以形成范围经济效应,但酒店业务与景区业务、旅游业务与非旅游业务的组合经营存在范围不经济.     

我国旅游上市公司的股板结构与技术效率

本文探讨了我国旅游上市公司股权结构与技术效率的关系。运用数据包络分析方法，本文发现，酒店类和综合类旅游上市公司的技术效率明显好于景点类公司。进一步分析发现，股权集中度对我国旅游上市公司技术效率的影响存在显著倒U型关系，而股权制衡度、董事会持股比例和总经理持股比例对旅游上市公司技术效率的提高均有显著的积极作用。     

基于突变级数法的我国旅游上市公司成长性评价研究

旅游企业的高速成长是旅游产业转型升级与集约化发展的基础,对旅游上市公司进行成长性评价研究,有利于洞察旅游产业化发展的基础态势.本文基于突变级数法,利用财务信息,从发展能力、盈利能力、资产运营能力和现金实力4个方面构建成长性评价体系,对17家旅游上市公司2006～2008年间的成长性进行了排序和评价,并从4个方面出发讨论旅游上市公司成长过程中的规律.结果显示:我国旅游上市公司中,景点类成长性最佳,综合类次之,酒店类最差;景点类的发展、盈利、资产运营和现金实力发展均衡,综合类现金实力偏弱,酒店类资产运营能力较差;各类成长性良好的旅游上市公司,都在坚守主业的同时向旅游业其他领域延伸.     

旅游业上市公司经营业绩分析与评价

本文主要通过因子分析技术对18家旅游上市公司的总体经营业绩进行了分析、评价,发现从总体上来说,旅游上市公司在偿债、获利、资产运营、收款能力上存在较为严重的不均衡;从行业类别来细分,景点类公司总体经营业绩最优,其次是综合类,然后是酒店类。本文采用的因子分析技术也适用于企业经营业绩的排序。     

我国旅游上市公司的股权结构与技术效率

本文探讨了我国旅游上市公司股权结构与技术效率的关系.运用数据包络分析方法,本文发现,酒店类和综合类旅游上市公司的技术效率明显好于景点类公司.进一步分析发现,股权集中度对我国旅游上市公司技术效率的影响存在显著倒U型关系,而股权制衡度、董事会持股比例和总经理持股比例对旅游上市公司技术效率的提高均有显著的积极作用.     

旅游上市公司董事会治理对经营绩效的影响——基于非平衡面板数据的分析

董事会作为公司治理的核心,是影响企业绩效的重要因素,对旅游上市公司的可持续发展具有重要意义。制订科学、完善的监管制度并严格执行,是上市公司防止"一股独大"与"内部人控制"等现象产生的重要途径。因此,建立科学合理的董事会成为现代公司治理的必然要求。文章选取2004—2012年间16家旅游上市公司为研究样本,以董事会规模、董事会会议频率、前三名董事薪酬、独立董事比例、执行董事比例和董事长与总经理两职合一为董事会治理变量,运用主成分分析法计算我国旅游上市公司经营绩效指数,利用非平衡面板数据建立计量经济学模型,采用混合最小二乘法对我国旅游上市公司董事会治理与经营绩效的相关性进行实证研究。研究发现,我国旅游上市公司董事会规模与经营绩效之间存在显著的倒U形曲线关系,执行董事比例对企业业绩有显著的促进作用,前三名董事薪酬、独立董事比例和董事长与总经理两职合一对经营绩效有消极影响,而董事会会议频率对经营绩效无显著影响。     

旅游上市公司经营状况分析

旅游上市公司在1996年以前效益非常好，其资产净收益曾经达到30％的骄人成绩，但是1997年以后其资产净收益却开始大幅度下滑，到1999年上半年其资产净收益仅为2．72％。本文通过对旅游上市公司中酒店类、景点类和综合类三类上市公司的分类分析，及对各类上市公司效益变化的因素分析，证明旅游上市公司的效益下滑是有着深刻原因的。这些原因既有市场变化的原因，又有上市公司自身经营管理的问题。目前旅游上市公司效益比较好的，很多是旅游业之外的收益。旅游业是朝阳产业，发挥其自身优势才是旅游上市公司的唯一出路。     

中国旅游类上市公司规模报酬研究

旅游企业普遍存在盈利能力较低的问题,旅游类上市公司在资本市场表现也不佳。本文收集了1998～2007年18家旅游类上市公司的混合数据,试图从规模报酬的角度分析这个问题。笔者采用普通最小二乘回归分析和瓦尔德检验,计算旅游类企业的资本产出弹性、劳动力产出弹性和规模报酬,并对酒店、景区和旅行社3个子行业进行比较。研究结果表明:旅游类上市公司的规模报酬递减,劳动力产出弹性显著大于资本产出弹性;3个子行业之间的资本产出弹性和劳动力产出弹性不存在差异,但是3个子行业之间的规模报酬存在差异。     

女性高管会提升旅游企业绩效吗?——来自旅游上市公司的经验研究

旅游业是女性就业较为集中的行业。近年来,我国旅游企业中女性高管不断增加,文章以2003-2016年期间我国旅游上市公司作为样本,基于高阶理论构建研究假设,并利用非平衡面板数据建立计量经济学模型,实证研究我国旅游上市公司中女性高管对企业绩效的影响。研究发现,旅游上市企业中女性高管对企业绩效具有显著促进作用;然而,对酒店行业的进一步分析表明,女性高管对酒店企业绩效的正向作用,会因为行业高度竞争压力的存在而受到抑制。研究结果丰富了现阶段女性研究相关文献,也为旅游企业管理决策提供了理论依据和经验支持。     

Knowledge-based resources and innovation in the hotel industry

Although the study of innovation in the hotel industry is a key issue, little is known about the determinants of innovation in this sector, as most innovation research has focused on manufacturing firms or knowledge-intensive services. Furthermore, although research suggests that knowledge is a critical asset for achieving innovation performance, few studies have explored how knowledge operates in the hotel industry. This paper aims to provide empirical evidence about the role played by a set of knowledge-based resources in determining innovation activity in tourist accommodation firms. Data from 109 companies operating hotels in Spain suggest that intangible assets should be considered in this sector when attempting to explain the innovation capacity of firms.     

旅游上市公司收益质量评价及其有效性研究

文章利用面板数据建立了旅游上市公司收益质量的评价模型，对国内旅游行业18家上市公司2006—2009年的数据进行因子分析，得出了我国旅游上市公司收益质量整体尚佳，但各旅游上市公司的综合得分相差较大、旅游上市公司收益质量各项能力发展不平衡、旅游上市公司的收益质量整体呈上升趋势的结论，并通过聚类分析将18家样本公司的收益质量分为优秀、较好、一般和较差4种类型。然后，对不同类型旅游上市公司收益质量进行对比分析，发现旅游行业的不同子行业之间以及相同子行业内部的不同企业之间的收益质量出现了严重的分化，其中景点类收益质量最好，酒店类次之，综合类旅游上市公司相对最差，但3种类型的旅游上市公司排名均值在评价期内没有显著性变化。在得出样本数据收益质量综合得分的基础上，利用回归模型，对收益质量能够增强收益信息对股价信息解释力度的假设进行了检验，证明了收益质量确实能够增强收益信息对股价信息解释力度，说明了本研究结果的有效性和对投资者的投资决策的有用性。     

Do brands matter? A comparison of branded and independent hotels’ performance during a full economic cycle

By analyzing longitudinal data of more than 51,000 hotels operating in the United States during the previous economic cycle, it is possible to draw conclusions regarding the performance of branded hotels compared to independent operations under various economic conditions. The results of the study indicate that while branded properties experience significantly higher occupancy rate during the different phases of the economic cycle, independent hotels experience significantly higher average daily rate (ADR) and rooms revenues per available room (RevPAR) during the same time period. While branded hotels are faced with various payments attributable to the brand, such as royalty payments and other franchise fees, those fees do not have a deleterious effect on net operating income (NOI) compared to NOI for independent hotels, suggesting that independent hotels are unable to bring their ADR and RevPAR premiums to the bottom line despite their savings in franchise expenses. Instead, the results indicate similar NOI for branded hotels and independent hotels during economic expansion, but significantly higher NOI for branded hotels during economic recession. The results of this study suggest that the intangible asset value of hotel brands may not be a static construct, but may vary by time. Sources of such intangible value of brands may include shared resources, guest loyalty programs, and yield management systems. These results contribute insight into the complex hotel owner decision of choosing between a brand affiliation and independent operation.     

Exploring competitive hotel selection attributes among guests: An importance-performance analysis

This study aimed to explore the hotel selection attributes among local guests in the competitive hotel industry in Korea and to test the role of these explored attributes in building behavioral intentions. A total of seven dimensions, which involved 17 intangible and 16 tangible attributes, were identified. The findings indicated that intangible attributes are relatively more important but offer less satisfaction, whereas tangible attributes provide a higher level of satisfaction than perceived importance. Moreover, the importance-performance analysis grid visually depicted the importance and satisfaction ratings of each attribute demonstrating its strengths and weaknesses. All intangible attributes were significantly associated with intentions.     

Comparing Voluntary Policy Instruments for Sustainable Tourism: The Experience of the Spanish Hotel Sector

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the voluntary policy instruments most commonly applied by the hotel sector: codes of conduct, best environmental practices, ecolabels, environmental management systems (EMSs) and environmental performance indicators. Based on a qualitative study of Spanish hotel companies that have applied one or more of these voluntary tools, each instrument is reviewed and analysed with regard to incentives and obstacles experienced during its practical implementation. In the comparative assessment of all the tools studied, formal certification systems such as ecolabels and EMSs appear to be the most effective instruments. At a conceptual level, ecolabels and EMSs are the tools with the broadest scope and the only ones that guarantee an improvement of the company’s environmental (and sustainable) performance. At the practical level, the present research shows that, although both of these instruments involve higher costs and complexity than the other tools studied, they offer a wider range of tangible and intangible benefits.     

Evaluating foreign market entry mode theories from a hotel industry perspective

This is a qualitative examination of the theories of new institutional economics (NIE) in the context of choosing between franchising and management contracts in the international hotel industry. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight high-level hotel executives. The primary objective of this study is to empirically examine which of the predominant theories of NIE are the most appropriate for examining the specific choice between franchising and management contracts when internationalising a hotel or hotel chain. Transaction cost economics and the resource-based view emerged as the most appropriate theories, according to the executives interviewed. Moreover, several other important considerations were suggested by the respondents, including the size of the organisation, the importance of intangible assets and the level of investment into these assets. Finally, host country factors, such as legal and political risk, as well as the availability of capable local partners, were suggested as important considerations.     

Failure of play on asset disposals and share buybacks: Application of game theory in the international hotel market

The principal purpose of this study has been to investigate the impact of an asset disposal strategy, often coupled with share repurchase programs, by international hotel companies on financial performance, earnings stability and share values. Utilising ratio analysis, stock returns and risk-adjusted measures, the study analyses the differences in performance, stability and market valuations between asset light and more capital intensive hotel companies. The findings of the study indicate negligible differences in most accounting measures of earnings growth and stability between asset light hotel companies and traditional hotel companies with significant holdings of owned or leased property. Drawing on game theory, we conclude that international hotel companies dispose of their assets in an effort to manipulate financial markets and make their stocks more attractive to investors and traders. Notwithstanding the absence of significant differentiation in accounting measures of performance fundamentals, market based measures show that hotel groups failed in the aim of manipulating financial markets. This study recommends avoiding playing this game as dual asset light/share repurchase strategy generated superior risk-weighted returns to that of more capital intensive traditional hotel companies across the period of the study.     

The response of hotel performance to international tourism development and crisis events

This study uses panel regression tests to examine the response of hotel performance to international tourism development and crisis events in Taiwan. Hotel performance measures are revenue (revenue per available room and occupancy rate), profitability (return on assets and return on equity) and stock performance. The crises were the earthquake on September 21, 1999 (the 9/21 earthquake), the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the US (the 9/11 terrorist attacks) and the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on April 22, 2003 (the SARS outbreak). This study makes four major contributions. First, test results confirm that international tourism development (ITD), proxied by the growth of total inbound tourist arrivals, has a more direct influence on hotel sales and profitability than it does on hotel stock performance. Second, this study identifies that the absence of a strong tie between ITD and hotel stock returns that was found in previous studies is due to the time-varying discount rate caused by investors’ changing expectations for the prospect of future cash flows from holding hotel stocks. Third, this study finds new evidence that while the poor performance of hotel stocks caused by the 9/21 earthquake and the 9/11 terrorist attacks was attributed to the loss of hotel sales revenue, the adverse effect of the SARS outbreak on hotel stock returns is attributed not only to decreased hotel sales revenue but also to the increased discount rate. Lastly, this study is the first to investigate whether the response of hotel stock returns to ITD depends on the state of economy and concludes that the response of hotel stock performance to ITD in business cycle contraction is statistically different from that in business cycle expansion. Further, although the influence of ITD on hotel stock performance is still irrelevant during expansion periods, ITD can significantly enhance hotel stock returns during contraction periods.     

Determinants affecting comprehensive property-level hotel performance: The moderating role of hotel type

It is crucial for hotel managers to understand the main drivers of each property's financial performance. This study examines the key antecedents of both service-profit chain frameworks (customer and employee satisfaction) and strategic perspectives (size, customer mix) that influence a comprehensive hotel performance. The findings of this study show that customer satisfaction is a prominent driver of performance and that hotel size and customer mix also have significant effects on performance. This study also examines the moderating effects of hotel type on the following three determinants: customer satisfaction, hotel size, and customer mix and performance. The findings will offer useful insights to hotel chain firms and hotel investors who manage or own a portfolio of different hotel types.     

Destination characteristics that drive hotel performance: A state-of-the-art global analysis

The increased market saturation and competition in both domestic and international tourism destinations have renewed interest among hotel operators in identifying the key drivers of hotel performance. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of hotel performance and their relative importance across multiple tourist destinations. We employ a two-step estimation method to identify key determinants of hotel performance, using a rich sample of international hotels. Our empirical analyses show that the main drivers of hotel performance are the quality of the educational system, government support, disposable income, and number of international arrivals within a tourism destination. Results indicate that the most important barriers to hotel performance are the competition among accommodation providers, tax rate and fuel price. We argue for the need for hotel providers to develop strategies that take cognisance of the key drivers and barriers to enhancing hotel performance in an ever-changing global tourism sector.