中国旅游规划的市场研究历程(下)

文章回顾了中国旅游规划工作中的市场研究的发展历程。划分出了中国旅游规划工作的起步与旅游市场的简单研究阶段(1980～1991年)、中国旅游规划工作的发展与旅游市场的探索研究阶段(1992～2000年)、中国旅游规划工作的成熟与旅游市场的系统研究阶段(2001年以后)三个基本阶段，以旅游规划研究国际先进水平为参照，评述了各阶段的发展水平。     

中国旅游规划发展历程与研究进展

本文回顾了二十余年来我国旅游规划的发展历程，将中国旅游发展规划分成事业型、事业向产业过渡型、产业型三个阶段，以及创汇导向型、资源导向型、市场导向型和产品导向型规划四个类型，分析了影响区域与景区旅游规划发展的几个方面，文中阐述了中国旅游规划研究的三个阶段和主要成果；总结了中国旅游规划存在的问题和阶段特征，归纳了中国旅游规划发展过程中主要的思想方法，并指出中国未来旅游规划将朝着市场化、小区化、专题化、精致化方向发展。     

旅游规划的管理优化:体系、标准与规范

正旅游规划是旅游产业发展到一定阶段的产物。由于旅游产业起步晚,旅游规划的体系、标准与规范建设都大大落后于城市规划。"十五"期间,国家旅游局高度重视旅游产业发展规划的规范化与标准化,相继出台了《旅游发展规划管理办法》(1999年)《旅游规划设计单位资质认定暂行办法》(2000年出台,2005年修编)《旅游规划通则》(2003年),借鉴了城市规划编制工作的经验和教训,在体现中国旅游规划特色的同时,在技术和方法上努力实现与国际接轨,使得我国旅游规划开始走上规范化、标准化的轨道,对于旅游规划行业的发展起到了积极的促进作用。     

对我国旅游规划工作的现状、问题与对策的研究

本章在对我国旅游规划工作全面回顾和系统总结的基础上，归纳了我国旅游规划工作的主要进展；从市场规范、人才协作、理论研究、实施力度等四个方面分析了当前旅游规划工作存在的主要问题。为了规范我国旅游规划市场，促进其发展，文章最后从宏观管理与行业引导的角度，提出了八个方面的市场性对策。     

山西旅游科学开 发六大原则

规划是旅游产业有序发展的基础和前提。加强旅游规划工作是旅游产业有序发展的客观需求。旅游规划工作是适应旅游发展自身内在要求和市场发展需求。从一定意义上来说，规划是旅游业发展的总谱。是旅游业发展战略、目标、措施和各方面工作的总称。是旅游业发展基本格局与产品结构的系统表述。     

旅游者需求与消费行为始终是旅游研究的前沿问题

中国的旅游开发走过了20多年的路程,经过了“资源导向、市场导向和产品导向”三个阶段。旅游规划中一个非常重要的线索就是给资源、产品、市场定位,但经常是摸不准市场,在“资源一产品一市场”中转圈圈,最终使得旅游规划进入了一个怪圈。旅游规划中的关键是供求关系的确定,现实中的供给方是确定的,问题是需求方很难确定和找准。     

试析旅游规划中的客源市场分析

客源市场分析应当成为旅游规划的首要因素.现有旅游规划质量不高的主要原因在于客源市场分析不深入、旅游消费行为研究欠深化、市场预测与客源目标市场定位不准确.只有强化旅游规划中的客源市场分析,加强旅游规划人才的培养与培育才是制作高质量旅游规划的根本途径.     

中国影视旅游发展的现状及趋势

本文提出影视旅游的概念和特征，以国内外影视旅游发展兴衰为依据，总结概括出影视旅游的发展阶段以及各阶段的特点，指出中国影视旅游的发展经历了从萌芽到发展的时期，目前正处于发展阶段。分析了中国影视旅游发展的现状及存在的问题，提出相应的规划建设对策。最后对中国影视旅游的发展趋势加以预测，指出影视旅游具有广阔的发展前景，将向着旅游客体多元化、旅游主体个性化、旅游内容更新化和规划建设综合化的方向发展。     

总结提高 开拓创新——我省推出2005年旅游市场开发工作新战略

记者从山西省旅游局获得讯息，在总结今年前十一月的工作之后，省局未雨绸缪，对明年全省旅游业发展的总体战略进行了规划布署。从公布的资料显示，2005年全省旅游市场开发工作总的指导思想是：将旅游市场开发工作六项调整继续深入开展下去，实现旅游市场开发工作的三个转变，即：实现由发展入境旅游为重点向国际、国内两个市场并重转变，实现由只注重景点建设向注重旅游要素市场的配套转变，实现追求数量型增长向追求总体质量效益增长的转变。     

从规划实践看旅游资源开发评价

旅游资源是地方发展旅游的基础,其开发评价又是编制旅游规划的重要基础.正确认识旅游资源,是能否编制好规划的前提.在目前阶段下,绝大多数旅游规划是依托<旅游资源国标>来进行旅游资源的分类和评价的,分类一般很明确,但评价往往看似定量科学,实则带有很大的主观随意性.在目前认识水平下,很难进行较为科学的、量化的评价,往往会出现不同专业的规划专家,得出不同的旅游资源评价结果.能否正确认识地方旅游资源及其开发价值,往往与专家个人视野和对旅游市场把握情况有关,往往带有主观性和武断性.     

Tourism planning : The case for ‘market failure’

Tourism planning has been looked upon as a means of maximizing benefits from tourism development; however, there has been limited research on the accomplishments of tourism plans. This paper provides a longrun analysis of tourism planning in Pacific island destinations, using Hawaii, French Polynesia and the Cook Islands as case examples. A major conclusion of the study is that government tourism plans have little probability of influencing market forces to achieve economic success in destination areas. In view of this, future government planning efforts should be redirected to focus on issues such as the negative social and environmental impacts which are not ameliorated by market forces, leaving the private sector to assume the planning and financial risks of developing specific tourist areas. In order to achieve this, government tourism organizations may have to be restructured from economic development and/or marketing organizations to incorporate broad social responsibilities.     

国内乡村旅游研究:蓬勃发展而有待深入

从现有的研究资料看，我国目前的乡村旅游研究主要集中在以下五个方面：乡村旅游概念；乡村旅游开发意义、条件和模式；乡村旅游规划与设计；乡村旅游存在问题和发展策略；国外和台湾乡村旅游发展的经验借鉴。虽然我国乡村旅游研究近年来发展迅速，也取得了不少有价值的研究成果，但整体上研究水平不高，许多方面都有待深入。     

从感性规划向数字规划进军

本文针对我国旅游规划存在的现实问题,提出数字规划的发展构想.论文认为过去20年的发展历程,我国旅游规划在很大程度上属于感性规划,其最大特点是缺少独立的技术手段和独立的理论基础.数字规划是建立在现代信息技术基础上的规划,以数字和图纸为语言,阐述旅游分析与规划思想,使规划具有一种尺度感.数字规划的核心是建立以市场研究为基础的旅游参数、旅游指标体系和策划体系.     

Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: Monitoring local government planning under the Resource Management Act

In the light of the increasing pace and scale of tourism activity in New Zealand, the concept of sustainable tourism has become a key ingredient in the nation's tourism strategy. This paper explores sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand at the level of local government, and in particular, focuses on the implementation of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) as a mechanism for achieving sustainable tourism. Using the findings of a survey of Regional Councils and Territorial Local Authorities, the paper explores public sector planning responses to tourism impacts and sustainability concerns in New Zealand. The paper extends the earlier work of Page and Thorn (1997. Towards sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand: public sector planning responses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5(1): 59-77; 2002. Towards sustainable tourism development and planning in New Zealand: the public sector response revisited. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(3): 222-238), which identified major issues of concern at local council level with regard to tourism impacts and argued the need for a national vision for tourism to ensure that the RMA achieved its original goals. Since then, a national tourism strategy has been published and changes in legislation have further empowered local authorities to further progress the sustainability agenda. This paper examines these developments and the ensuing implications, concluding that significant progress has been made in developing tourism policies at the local level, but that a number of constraints and issues limit the development of New Zealand as a sustainable destination.     

出境旅游需求的影响因素--兼论发展中经济体与发达经济体的异同

根据微观经济学的需求理论，结合相关研究进展，文章构建了包括基本经济因素（收入和相对价格）、对外开放度、旅游业发展水平、人口统计特征、突发事件等变量在内的出境旅游需求模型，以74个国家/地区1995—2013年的数据为样本，分析了发达经济体和发展中经济体出境旅游需求影响因素的总体特征与异同。结果表明，收入和价格是影响出境旅游需求的决定性因素，对外开放度、旅游业发展水平、人口统计特征及突发事件等其他因素对出境旅游需求同样具有一定的影响。其中，收入、价格以及产业发展水平对发展中经济体出境旅游需求的影响作用相对更大，而对外开放度和人口统计特征（就业水平、年龄结构和受教育水平）对发达经济体出境旅游需求的影响更加显著。     

An Investigation of Market Orientation (MO) and Tourism Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ (SMEs) Performance in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature

This paper aims to build a structured literature review of the field of market orientation and its impact on tourism small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) performance in developing countries. This literature review will present a comprehensive survey of market orientation (MO) published articles to facilitate good understanding of MO. It serves as an archive and aims to help the scholars and practitioners to explore, analyse, and develop a clear understanding about the different research points and methodologies implemented in previous studies related to MO and its impact on tourism SMEs’ performance. The paper systematically reviews and categorizes the published literature implementing a three-stage methodology, and thereafter analyzes and reviews this literature methodologically. The review covered many areas and identified some factors that drive/hinder market-oriented activities within tourism SMEs. Furthermore, suggestions have been made to understand more thoroughly how market orientation influences tourism SMEs performance in developing economies. A research gap in the area of market orientation and tourism SMEs performance in developing countries was identified. The study provides great benefits for owner-managers, government policy makers, scholars, and educators by clarifying the concept of market orientation and its relationship with performance in the context of tourism SMEs.     

Tourism planning in a presently developing country: The case of Malaysia

Increasingly sophisticated economic studies of tourism have been undertaken in developed countries, (DCs); in presently developing countries, (PDCs), however, the paucity of reliable data often precludes such studies. However, in some PDCs there is already a relatively strong economic and industrial base, and tourism is not viewed as the motor of development, but rather as a sector of economic diversification within the development process. The planning and management of tourism in Malaysia provides an apposite case-study of what contribution tourism can make to the economies of PDCs, and how tourism may be stimulated in such cases.     

Governance in context: Boracay Island,Philippines

Case study research of community tourism planning in the developing world rarely focuses on the combined effects of history, markets, culture, legislation, and politics. This case study of Boracay Island, Philippines suggests that understanding these contextual factors is essential for sustainable tourism development. The research led to the conclusion that better planning based on a broad systematic assessment should be coupled with improved governance to move from knowledge to implementation. Better governance should clearly delineate local, regional and national roles and incorporate community input to mitigate against the adverse effects of tourism development while maximizing benefits. The lessons learned have implications for tourism throughout the developing world.