Structural Features of Female Employment Status and Earnings Mobility: The Experience in Germany

Structural changes in basic economic indicators, changes in traditional role patterns, and in female employment behavior shed light on the performance of the European labor markets in the 90s. This paper focuses on the cyclical sensitivity of women's employment status and earnings position in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) we test the hypothesis that labor market adjustments are not gender-neutral but affect women's employment status and women's relative earnings position to a greater extent than those of men. Cross-sectional as well as longitudinal analysis indicate positive effects on female employment status and earnings position during a period with worsening economic indicators. Logistic regression analysis confirms an increasing likelihood of an upward earnings mobility for women in the 90s. Notwithstanding these positive trends the results show that - due to social norms and attitudes - women are still discriminated against in the labor market and in terms of their relative earnings position. Thus social policy is called upon to improve women's social and employment conditions.     

经理层治理评价指数与相关绩效的实证研究——基于中国上市公司治理评价的研究

公司治理评价与指数研究正成为公司治理理论与实务领域的世界性课题。经理层处于公司治理体系中的内核,经理层评价是公司治理系列评价的最终受体。本文在对国内外经理层治理评价进行评述的基础上,从公司治理客体———经理层视角构建中国上市公司经理层治理评价指数,并藉此从任免制度、执行保障、激励约束机制三个基本维度以及第一大股东不同性质等多视角对931家中国上市公司样本进行治理状况实证研究。同时,构造上市公司综合绩效评价体系,从最优化和安全性两个视角考察公司效能,并对两个评价指数进行综合相关性和回归研究。评价结果显示,经理层治理状况总体偏低,各主因素得分有较大的差异,经理层治理水平的改善,有利于治理绩效的提高。关于经理层行政任免、两职设置、内部人控制、决策支持、双重任职,及薪酬、股权、控制权激励约束机制等方面的研究结果,以及经理层治理水平对上市公司盈利性、成长性、潜在发展性、安全性的影响程度及影响方式等有价值的结论,对于各方利益相关者有重要的借鉴意义。