What aspects of demographic,personality, attitudes and perceptions of law enforcement influence self-reported likelihood of drink driving?

The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between a number of individual factors (demographic factors (age and gender), personality factors, risk-taking propensity, attitudes toward drink driving, and perceived legitimacy of drink driving enforcement) and how they influence the self-reported likelihood of drink driving. The second aim of this study was to examine the potential of attitudes mediating the relationship between risk-taking and self-reported likelihood of drink driving. In total, 293 Queensland drivers volunteered to participate in an online survey that assessed their self-reported likelihood to drink drive in the next month, demographics, traffic-related demographics, personality factors, risk-taking propensity, attitudes toward drink driving and perceived legitimacy of drink driving enforcement. An ordered logistic regression analysis was utilised to evaluate the first aim of the study; at the first step the demographic variables were entered; at step two the personality and risk-taking were entered; at the third step, the attitudes and perceptions of legitimacy variables were entered. Being a younger driver and having a high risk-taking propensity were related to self-reported likelihood of drink driving. However, when the attitudes variable was entered, these individual factors were no longer significant; with attitudes being the most important predictor of self-reported drink driving likelihood. A significant mediation model was found with the second aim of the study, such that attitudes mediated the relationship between risk-taking and self-reported likelihood of drink driving. Considerable effort and resources are utilised by traffic authorities to reducing drink driving on the Australian road network. Notwithstanding these efforts, some participants still had some positive attitudes toward drink driving and reported that they were likely to drink drive in the future. These findings suggest that more work is needed to address attitudes regarding the dangerousness of drink driving.     

Allen and Gale on risk-taking and competition in banking

Using an elegant simple model, Allen and Gale [Comparing Financial Systems, MIT Press, 2001] obtain a result with significant policy implications: portfolio risk of banks increases as competition in banking, measured by the number of banks, increases. That result is, however, lacking in robustness. If banks play a game not all that different from that assumed by Allen and Gale, then, we show, a markedly different result obtains: risk-taking by banks is independent of the number of banks.     

Does Competition Affect Bank Risk?

Although policymakers often discuss trade-offs between bank competition and stability, past research provides differing theoretical perspectives and empirical results on the impact of competition on risk. We employ a new approach for identifying exogenous changes in the competitive pressures facing individual banks and discover that an intensification of competition materially boosts bank risk. With respect to the mechanisms, we find that competition reduces banks’ profits, pricing power, and charter values and increases banks’ provision of nontraditional, riskier banking services and lending to riskier firms.     

董事会规模、多元化战略与企业风险承担

不确定的外部竞争环境和公司战略定位对企业的风险承担水平具有重要影响.以2005-2015年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,以董事会规模作为门槛变量,分析当董事会人数在不同区间下多元化战略的实施对企业风险承担产生的影响.研究表明:随着董事会人数的增加,多元化战略与企业风险承担呈现先增后减的变化趋势,且二者存在基于董事会规模的双重门槛效应.     

Ex ante CEO severance pay and risk-taking in the financial services sector

We examine 533 CEO severance contracts for financial services firms from 1997 to 2007 and find that ex ante severance pay is positively associated with risk-taking after controlling for the incentive effects provided by equity-based compensation. We report a positive causal relation between the amount of severance pay and risk-taking using popular market-based risk measures as well as the distance-to-default and the Z-score. We also find that severance pay encourages excessive risk-taking using metrics such as tail risk and asset quality. Our results are consistent with the risk-shifting argument and provide support for recent reforms on severance pay in the financial sector.     

货币政策与银行风险承担

本文从货币政策影响银行风险承担的作用机理入手,总结了风险定价模型效应、逐利锦标赛效应、思维定势效应和中央银行沟通反馈效应等四条货币政策对银行风险承担影响的渠道,并以2004~2010年中国16家上市银行的数据为样本,采用系统广义矩估计方法实证分析中国货币政策对银行风险承担的影响。实证分析结果表明:我国货币政策与银行风险呈负相关关系,即宽松的货币政策鼓励了银行的风险承担;随着存款利率水平和存款准备金率的降低,银行的风险承担提高;同时中国银行的风险承担与GDP的增长呈正相关关系,即具有显著顺周期特征。     

产权结构与商业银行贷款中的风险行为

产权结构是集中反映当前中国银行业公司治理特征的重要变量。基于我国14家代表性商业银行1994-2004年的面板数据，本文实证检验了产权结构差异对银行贷款中风险行为的影响。分析结果表明：在放贷过程中，非国有银行比国有银行更加谨慎，上市银行比非上市股份制银行更为谨慎。此外，国民经济的持续增长显著增加了商业银行贷款中的风险行为。银行贷款风险对存贷利差的变化并不敏感，对此尚未完成的利率市场化进程可作为部分解释。     

风险承担会抑制民营企业绩效吗?——基于董事会团队特征视角

采用2004—2022年A股上市民营企业数据,研究了风险承担对民营企业绩效的影响以及董事会团队特征在其中的作用。研究发现：上市民营企业的风险承担会显著抑制其绩效,董事会受教育水平上升会减轻风险承担对企业绩效的负向影响,董事会教育背景异质性和专业异质性在风险承担与企业绩效的关系中起U形调节作用。此外,风险承担会通过提高融资约束和降低长期机构投资者持股比例影响民营企业绩效,同时合作文化可以实现差异整合。鉴于此,企业应审慎调整风险承担策略,积极优化董事会团队结构,持续深化合作文化,助力企业高质量发展。     

提升监管强度具有风险抑制效应吗?——来自中国银行业的经验证据

本文从事前、事中和事后监管的监管流程角度出发,运用我国71家商业银行 2003年至2013年的非平衡面板数据,实证检验了监管强度提升对商业银行风险承担行为的影响。研究表明,相较于事中现场审查而言,银行业监管部门事前发布监管公文和事后违规惩戒措施实施强度提升的风险抑制效应更为明显。监管强度提升的风险抑制效应对大银行和国有控股商业银行的作用普遍更强。但对于上市银行和非上市银行的影响则存在差异,其中,监管公文发布对上市银行风险承担的抑制效应要弱于非上市银行,而违规惩戒措施的效果与之相反,现场审查对上市、非上市银行的影响则不存在显著差异。     

Do capital buffers matter? Evidence from the stocks and flows of nonperforming loans

This paper investigates the determinants of the stocks and flows (both in- and outflows) of nonperforming loans (NPLs) by considering a bank-specific factor that is not adequately analysed in the literature, namely, bank capital buffers. Using unbalanced panel data with 6,087 bank-year observations for the 2006–2018 period and a two-step system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation, we find that banks with higher levels of capital buffers (both in terms of Tier 1 and total capital) have fewer NPL stocks and generate fewer NPL inflows. When we control for the characteristics of the loan portfolio, real guarantees collected by the bank increase the stocks and flows of new, impaired loans, while personal guarantees favour the outflow of bad loans.     

产权结构与商业银行贷款中的风险行为

产权结构是集中反映当前中国银行业公司治理特征的重要变量.基于我国14家代表性商业银行1994～2004年的面板数据,本文实证检验了产权结构差异对银行贷款中风险行为的影响.分析结果表明:在放贷过程中,非国有银行比国有银行更加谨慎,上市银行比非上市股份制银行更为谨慎.此外,国民经济的持续增长显著增加了商业银行贷款中的风险行为.银行贷款风险对存贷利差的变化并不敏感,对此尚未完成的利率市场化进程可作为部分解释.     

Analyst coverage,executive compensation and corporate risk-taking: Evidence from property–casualty insurance firms

Using an exogenous drop in analyst coverage introduced by broker closures and mergers, we test for the causal impact of analyst coverage on corporate risk-taking, in an opaque industry. We document an increase in risk using several book-based and market-based risk measures, including tail and default risk measures. Results are driven by firms with stronger managerial risk-taking compensation incentives. The increase in risk is stronger in more opaque firms, and firms with weaker policyholder monitoring. Firm risk increases through at least one risk-taking action, such as investing firm assets in higher-risk bonds. Our study highlights the importance of stock analysts in affecting corporate risk-taking, especially in the presence of stronger managerial, compensation risk-taking incentives.     

Corporate risk-taking,firm value and high levels of managerial earnings forecasts

We examine the impact of high levels of managerial earnings forecasts, an important form of voluntary disclosure, on corporate risk-taking and firm value. Theory and anecdotal evidence suggest that a policy of high disclosure may reduce managers' willingness to invest in higher-risk, higher-return projects. We first verify, as in prior research, that corporate risk-taking is associated with higher future firm value. We then document a negative relation between firms with high levels of forecasting and corporate risk-taking. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that high levels of managerial earnings forecasts reduce the positive association between corporate risk-taking and future firm value. Our results are robust to alternative measures of corporate risk-taking and future firm value, and alternative definitions of high levels of managerial earnings forecasts. Our results may be of importance to varying interests as they highlight the potential for high levels of earnings forecasts to inhibit corporate risk-taking and lower firm value.     

我国货币政策风险承担渠道存在吗？--基于GMM方法的实证研究

本文收集了2004—2013年我国45家商业银行的微观数据和相关宏观数据,并运用差分GMM回归方法对我国货币政策风险承担渠道的存在性做了实证检验。研究结果表明：我国的货币政策风险承担渠道确实存在,且宽松的货币政策会刺激银行承担更多的风险;价格型货币政策工具对银行风险承担的影响大于数量型货币政策工具;银行的规模大小、盈利水平和资本充足性与银行风险承担呈反比;人均GDP增长率、银行业竞争性与银行风险承担呈正比。