Both Sides Now: Transgression and Oppression in African Americans' Historical Relationships with Nature

ABSTRACT

Wilderness has been constructed as White, in part through histories that marginalize African American attitudes and experiences. In response, we provide an overview of African Americans' relationships with nature during three historical periods: (a) Enslavement, (b) Reconstruction and Postreconstruction, and (c) 1936–1994. African Americans' relationships with nature were created through an ongoing dialectic of oppression and transgression throughout each historical period. Four types of transgression were identified: wilderness as a space free of White oppression, wilderness as a site to challenge White oppression, engagement with nature despite White oppression, and advocacy for more just relationships with wilderness. Transgression is discussed as a means to remember environmental history and envision new relationships between African Americans and wilderness in the present, bonds for which transgression may one day no longer be necessary.     

The moderating effects of three reference groups on Asian pleasure travelers’ destination value

This study explores how the destination brand equity paradigm of Asian pleasure travelers may vary according to their level of susceptibility to the three types of reference group influences (i.e. informational, utilitarian, and value-expressive) by adapting destination awareness, image, quality, and value as a theoretical background. The results indicate that the positive effects of destination awareness, image, and quality on travelers’ destination value are moderated by informational and utilitarian reference group influences, but not by value-expressive reference group influence. This study provides both theoretical and practical implications by testing the moderating effects of three types of reference group influences.     

The young generations’ conceptualisation of cultural tourism: colonial heritage attractions in South Korea

This study investigates how the younger generation conceptualise cultural tourism attractions associated with modern history in contemporary South Korea. Particular attention in this study is given to heritage attractions built in the Japanese colonising past. By analysing data obtained through a Multiple Sorting Procedure, this study identifies the underlying facets of heritage attractions the younger generation consider to be important when appreciating the heritage attractions. This study examines the socio-psychological properties and meanings that the heritage attractions communicate with respect to young Koreans’ sense of national identity. This study found that a range of constructs emerged in understanding heritage attractions. Social and political meanings embedded in the heritage attractions become a key determinant in appreciating heritage attractions with respect to a sense of national identity. These findings from South Korea suggest invaluable messages that can inform our understanding of, and planning regenerating negative-natured heritage attractions for tourism in contemporary society.     

The stability of leisure factor structures across time

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of leisure factor structures across seasons. Data were collected regarding subjects’ participation in 58 recreation activities during the fall of 1980 and the summer of 1981. Differences in responses were analyzed on an activity‐by‐activity basis yielding significant differences for 21 of the 58 activities. Further, factor structures for both the fall and summer data were identified. The findings revealed that only three of the seven factors extracted for each structure met the minimum criteria established by the researchers to be considered stable across seasons.     

Using Events as a Mapping Concept that Complement Existing ROS Methods

The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) methods have used static measures such as spatial zones for settings and activities. However, visitor perceptions, activities, and experiences are dynamic and not always localized within a single and static ROS zone. The ROS framework could be enhanced by methods that document common movements across time and space during peoples' recreation engagements. This paper adds movement as a third pillar to the ROS conceptualization. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the improved utility of event mapping methods over traditional ROS mapping techniques by comparing an ROS map with an event map derived from research in the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area. Visitors were interviewed on-site using a structured instrument (n = 176). Six common events were mapped and compared with the ROS map. Results suggest that vectors, lines, points, and other symbols complement ROS polygons and better address movement during recreational events.     

黄浦江两岸游憩空间意象比较研究

基于城市意象理论,采用网络文本分析法对黄浦江两岸游憩空间结构性意象与独特性意象进行比较研究,以推动黄浦江两岸旅游意象塑造,促进两岸协同发展。结果显示:各具特色的意象元素使黄浦江西岸形成了历史文化景观,东岸形成了现代都市景观,整体意象感知由核心区向周围衰减;意象五要素在两岸空间意象构成中的作用强度不同,标志物和区域是两岸公共主导意象要素,西岸道路要素可意象度高于东岸,共享边界黄浦江是两岸意象形成的基本参照系;文化内涵是西岸特色意象形成的基调,现代服务功能是东岸特色意象形成的关键。基于以上研究,对黄浦江两岸游憩空间意象塑造、品质提升及协同发展提出相关建议。     

目的地网络界面对旅游者体验及品牌形象的影响

旅游目的地推广营销所使用的官方网站、微博、电子商务平台等网络渠道构成了旅游者接触目的地的网络界面。旅游目的地网络界面特征主要包含信息价值、友好性和交互性3个要素。为探索旅游目的地网络界面对旅游者体验及品牌形象的影响,构建了旅游目的地网络界面特征、旅游者体验与目的地品牌形象的结构方程模型。研究发现,旅游目的地网络界面特征的3个要素通过功能体验和情感体验两个中介因素影响游客对目的地品牌形象的感知,但信息价值对情感体验的影响不显著。基于以上结论,对旅游目的地优化网络界面提出了策略建议。     

品牌劫持:旅游目的地形象异化演进过程研究

到访旅游者网络口碑传播对目的地形象有着越来越重要的影响。因此,该研究基于旅游者权力理论,将旅游者视为与DMO一样的能动主体,对应DMO投射形象提出了旅游者投射形象的概念,进而将旅游者对目的地形象的认知过程从原有的单一个体模型拓展到时间阶段和影响主体更为完整的群体网络状模型。研究进一步通过比较到访旅游者和DMO传播对潜在旅游者引致形象形成过程的影响力,提出当旅游者投射形象比DMO投射形象被更多的旅游者所接受时,就会发生品牌劫持现象。文章结合普洛格(Plog)提出的目的地生命周期理论,分析了此种情况之下目的地形象异化的演进过程,并为目的地营销工作的改进提供了具体的建议。     

旅游地形象的时间演变与演变机制

旅游地形象是动态变化的,时间是旅游地形象动态变化的一个重要维度。现有旅游地形象研究主要从游客感知角度来解构旅游地形象属性,并对游客不同游览阶段、大事件前后的旅游地形象变化进行实证研究。少有文献对旅游地形象的季节波动、生命周期变化等时间演变问题进行探究,且相关研究多忽视了供给方层面的旅游地形象。研究认为,旅游地形象涉及旅游者和供给方两个层面,并分别包含感知形象和发射形象。研究对国内外旅游地形象时间演变的相关研究成果进行了梳理,包括旅游地形象随游览阶段的演变、事件前后的旅游地形象变化、旅游地形象的生命周期演变、旅游地形象的季节波动等,提出了更为系统的旅游地形象时间演变机制,并从供给方与游客两个层面对感知形象与发射形象的演变过程进行了分析。     

Definition of adventure travel: Conceptual framework for empirical application from the providers’ perspective

The growth of adventure travel has been accompanied by an enormous variety and availability of adventure travel products in international travel and tourism. This study attempts to search for a comprehensive definition of adventure travel from the providers’ perspective in order to build a conceptual framework for empirical application. A qualitative analysis of past leisure or recreation theories identified six major component variables which define adventure travel. Together with these six components, several alternative definitions of adventure travel are studied in detail as part of the research. This study proposes a new definition of adventure travel, as a standard tool for measuring and segmenting the adventure travel market.