FDI技术外溢对发展中国家的影响

随着科学技术的突飞猛进,企业的技术水平已成为制约其跨国竞争能力提高的重要瓶颈。利用外国直接投资(FDI )的技术外溢提升本国企业的技术水平,是当前多数发展中国家的愿望,也是我国“以市场换技术”引资政策的重要依据之一。近几十年来,FDI 的技术外溢问题一直备受学术界关注,并直接影响了许多发展中国家在跨国公司直接投资问题上的态度。FDI 技术 外溢的原因FDI 技术外溢是外商直接投资在东道 国的 生产经营 活动 的 副产品。联合国贸发会议 2001 年《世界投资报告》指出,FDI 可能产生的外溢主要包括:工艺(技术)溢出、非关联企业的…     

FDI关联溢出效应研究的最新进展

本文对国内外FDI关联溢出效应的理论研究和经验研究作了全面的综述.从理论研究来看,无论是采用一般均衡的分析方法还是运用局均衡的分析方法,FDI关联溢出效应既有可能为正也有可能为负.跨国公司生产的产品越复杂,总部和工厂之间的信息成本越高,跨国公司比国内企业更加密集地使用当地生产的中间产品,跨国公司的进入便会产生很强的关联效应.另一方面,跨国公司的进入所产生的竞争效应会降低后向关联效应的程度.从经验研究来看,FDI后向关联溢出效应绝大多数情况显著为正,并且以FDI关联溢出效应为主的行业间溢出效应远比FDI行业内溢出效应的发生更加普遍和显著.FDI的类型、技术差距和外资的股权比例是影响FDI关联溢出效应的主要因素.将影响FDI关联溢出效应的其它因素如人力资本、研发效率、金融市场效率、人均收入等融入理论与经验研究模型是未来进一步研究的重点.     

外商直接投资对中国地区技术创新外溢的实证研究

中国是外商直接投资(FDI)流入最多的国家之一。本文通过对我国各个省级行政区的面板数据分析,发现FDI对我国技术创新存在着溢出效应,而这种溢出效应受到地区差异、所有制结构、市场规模等不同因素的制约。在实践中,我们要根据各地区实际情况,逐步改善中西部地区投资环境,强化市场竞争机制,加快各地区国有企业改革,鼓励私营企业参与竞争,提升FDI对中国各地区技术创新能力的溢出效应。     

市场规模、利润侵蚀和争取多产品跨国企业的政策竞争

本文考虑两个国家(或者地区)的政府为争取一家外国跨国企业直接投资(FDI)而进行的政策竞争。两国拥有不同的市场规模,跨国公司生产两种水平差别化产品。文章证明:均衡时跨国企业的FDI选择取决于市场规模效应(marketsize effect)、两种产品间的利润侵蚀效应(cannibalization effect)和两国FDI补贴政策的共同作用。在此基础上,本文进一步得到了政府间FDI竞争的福利含义。特别地,本文还证明了:两国福利可能因参与FDI竞争而获得帕累托严格改进,或者发生帕累托严格损失。     

服务业FDI对制造业的产业间垂直溢出效应:一个综述

服务业的重要性不断增强,外商直接投资(FDI)也呈现出转向服务业的趋势,因此服务业FDI受到学者越来越多的关注.研究者认为,服务业FDI对东道国制造业产生的经济溢出和技术溢出通过服务业跨国公司跟当地制造业企业的垂直关联而实现,但这种溢出效应也受到当地企业技术水平和技术吸收能力、当地企业的国际化程度、当地市场的竞争程度等因素的影响.关于溢出效应的实证分析,基本上都证实了服务业FDI对东道国制造业生产率产生显著正向效应的结论.未来研究有望在FDI理论的框架下形成相对独立完整的服务业FDI理论体系,并在实证研究方面取得更丰硕的成果.     

规模、路径与动因:发展中国家企业的FDI行为探析

发展中国家的企业不仅关心如何通过FDI将利润最大化,也关心提高一般性经营资源的收益。本文应用二阶段理论,综合考虑两个市场、两个阶段和两种状态等因素,对优势企业和弱势企业的决策背景进行了比较,分析了制度学习效应、资源转移效应和国内市场竞争效应等发展中国家企业FDI动因,建立了弱势企业FDI规模的决策模型,该模型也可以用于发展中国家企业FDI行为的路径选择。     

我国外贸技术溢出效应的国别差异分析

技术溢出是发展中国家追赶发达国家的重要路径,溢出的渠道包括国际贸易、FDI、R＆D合作、国外R＆D投资等。我们运用经拓展后的Coe＆Helpman的贸易溢出计量模型,试图将我国从商品贸易以及FDI中所获得的技术溢出纳入同一模型中加以综合分析,并对贸易带来的技术溢出效应进行国别差异分析,以判断不同类型国家对我国吸收技术溢出效应的影响。并在此基础上,提出了相应的政策建议。     

FDI技术溢出的研究脉络和最新进展

FDI的技术溢出是20世纪80年代以来学术界最热门的研究领域之一。学术界认为FDI技术溢出存在着不同的传导机制,而且不同传导机制可能产生不一样的溢出效应,包括示范效应、人员流动与培训效应、竞争效应和联系效应。FDI技术溢出的产生是有条件的,受到本土企业吸收能力、空间地理因素以及外资企业本地配套等因素的影响;外资企业、本土企业以及所处行业的异质性也是造成FDI技术溢出产生差异的重要原因。     

FDI技术溢出效应地区差异研究

文章借鉴Feder模型,采用我国各地区的年度序列统计数据,来检验FDI在各地区技术溢出效应的存在性以及FDI在各区域的溢出效应之间的差异性,通过溢出效应的区域差异来分析各区域应该采取何种措施更有利于吸收外商直接投资所产生的溢出效应。     

基于垂直产品差异的技术转移分析

为了揭示跨国厂商的技术转移与东道国环境之间的关系,本文利用垂直产品差异模型分析了FDI途径下跨国厂商的技术转移策略及其对本土厂商的技术水平、利润和东道国福利所产生的影响。研究结果表明,东道国环境决定了跨国厂商的最佳转移水平,该最佳水平与跨国厂商掌握的最高技术水平间的差距决定了所转移技术的核心程度;本土厂商利用转移技术提升自身技术水平的激励随着东道国收入水平和市场竞争程度递增;跨国厂商的进入对本土厂商利润的影响包括合作效应(增加利润)和竞争效应(减少利润),只有当合作效应大于竞争效应时才能提升本土厂商利润;无论何种情况下,技术转移总是有利于东道国消费者,如果利润影响中的合作效应大于竞争效应,则会提升东道国整体福利,否则,对东道国福利的影响是不确定的。     

FDI Policy,Greenfield Investment and Cross‐border Mergers

This paper examines a multinational's choice between greenfield investment and cross‐border merger when it enters another country via foreign direct investment (FDI) and faces the host country's FDI policy. Greenfield investment incurs a fixed plant setup cost, whereas the foreign firm obtains only a share of the joint profit from a cross‐border merger under the restriction of the FDI policy. This trade‐off is affected by market demand, cost differential, and market competition, among other things. The host country's government chooses its FDI policy to affect (or alter) the multinational's entry mode to achieve the maximum social welfare for the domestic country. We characterize the conditions shaping the optimal FDI policy and offer intuitions on FDI patterns in developing and developed countries.     

后发优势：发展中国家对外直接投资新诠释

发展中国家对外直接投资时主要有两种优势可以利用，一是比较优势，另一种是后发优势。目前，学术界大多重视比较优势的作用，而对后发优势的理论研究及其实践价值缺乏深入地探讨。因此，将后发优势理论应用于对发展中国家对外直接投资问题的分析，把后发优势作为发展中国家对外直接投资的一种理论解说，可以在相当程度上弥补以比较优势为核心的西方国际直接投资理论的不足，从而指导发展中国家对外直接投资的发展。     

Welfare effects of competition for FDI between technologically asymmetric countries with varying trade costs

Given the traditional argument that host countries' excessive competition for FDI (foreign direct investment) deteriorates the host countries' welfare, this paper examines the impact of policy competition for FDI on social welfare considering varying trade costs. Based on a model where two technologically asymmetric countries compete for FDI, we determine an equilibrium where a multinational firm relocates to a less efficient country. Moreover, we demonstrate that the policy competition for FDI between less integrated economies might improve social welfare when the multinational firm relocates to a country with a lower technology and a less competitive market. Nonetheless, we show that the traditional argument can be true when the policy competition for FDI between highly integrated economies deteriorates host countries' welfare, as supported by the empirical evidences of moderated competition for FDI within EU member countries.     

环境技术转移的最优社会福利选择——以发展中国家为视角

本文以发展中国家为视角,构建一个基本的双寡头Cournot模型,来分析环境技术从发达国家转移至发展中国家,对发展中国家商品生产和社会福利产生的影响.本文认为环境技术从发达国家无偿转移至发展中国家,对发展中国家社会福利的影响具有不确定性.通过引入福利函数并求解最优的社会福利,发现对发展中国家而言,最优的社会福利选择是:当国内企业生产成本等于国外企业生产成本与环境技术的产量溢出之差时,环境技术的完全转移才是发展中国家的最优社会福利选择.并据此推导出社会福利最优的环境技术转移路径.     

SUSTAINING THE GOOSE THAT LAYS THE GOLDEN EGG: A CONTINUOUS TREATMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER

This paper proposes a simple model of the trade-offs perceived by innovating firms when investing in countries with limited intellectual property rights (IPR). The model allows for a continuous treatment of technology transfer and production cost gains occurring through FDI. While it does not consider possible changes in rates of innovation caused by changes in IPR in developing countries, it allows one to uncover a potentially non-monotonic relationship between welfare and IPR in the recipient country.     

Competition or Comparative Advantage: What Drives Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions?

The theory of comparative advantage explains the upsurge of cross border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs) in the era of reform led trade liberalization. This paper tests the theory of comparative advantage for CBMAs by firms belonging to a developing country, viz. India. Using count data the paper also shows that CBMAs have occurred in country and sector specific waves. This implies in developing countries, it is competition rather than comparative advantage which drives CBMAs. However, the paper finds that occurrence of the country specific wave and sector specific wave are negatively affected by favourable outward FDI policy.

     

Strategic Complementarity in Direct Investments

The paper investigates a three‐country duopoly model. Two developed countries have large markets and one developing country has a cost advantage. The author finds that strategic complementarity in location choice yields multiple equilibria. One is a cost‐oriented agglomeration of firms in the developing country and the other is a market‐oriented equilibrium where each firm locates in its developed home country. Also, private incentives for the cost‐oriented location are excessive (resp. insufficient) from the viewpoint of world welfare if firms choose their locations non‐cooperatively (resp. cooperatively).     

Vertical technology transfer and the welfare implications of patent protection

Significant amount of vertical technology transfer occurs between developed and developing-country firms, and many trading companies from developing countries create competition in the developed countries, yet the literature on intellectual property rights did not pay considerable attention to these aspects. In a Cournot oligopoly with vertical technology transfer, we show that patent protection in the developing country raises developed-country welfare if the following three conditions hold together: (i) patent protection in the developing country deters entry in the final goods market, (ii) the marginal cost difference between the incumbent and the entrant final goods sellers is sufficiently small, and (iii) the marginal cost difference between the incumbent and the entrant developing-country producers is sufficiently high. We also show that patent protection in the developing country always creates higher developing-country welfare if no developing-country firm enters the final goods market. We also discuss the implications of Bertrand competition on our results.     

构建我国对外直接投资理论框架的一些思考

无论从实践还是从理论上看,我国对外直接投资都处于初级阶段。本文通过对西方主流跨国直接投资理论和有关发展中国家对外直接投资理论的简要回顾,提出有关构建我国对外直接投资理论框架的一些观点:应从企业这一微观角度入手,借鉴现行的直接投资理论的基本思想,结合我国特有的大国综合优势,分析我国企业对外直接投资的实现条件、企业国际化经营的战略选择和对外直接投资的效应,并以企业通过对外直接投资以发挥、维护、培育、发展和寻求竞争优势作为考察的主要内容。     

International migration,foreign direct investment,and development stage in developing economies

The existing empirical results on the relationship between FDI and migration are rather mixed. This study reevaluates, both theoretically and empirically, how inward FDI relates to emigration in developing countries. Our model illustrates that the relationship between inward FDI and emigration flows depends on the development stage of a developing country, that is, there is a positive association between inward FDI and emigration flows for relatively less‐developed countries but a negative association between these two variables for relatively developed countries. We confirm the empirical validity of our model prediction using the panel data of 21 OECD and 51 non‐OECD countries during the period from 2003 to 2012. Our results argue that as economic development proceeds in a developing country, the home effect of inward FDI associated with intensified labor demand would dominate the linkage effect that induces the brain drain problem through enhancing the socioeconomic ties with migrant networks.