网络环境下产品定价的影响因素研究—基于消费者心理的视角

网络环境相对于传统市场在市场特性、产品特征和消费者等方面都发生了巨大的差异,需要新的、适合于网络环境的定价指导思想和定价策略。Internet对定价的许多方面都有影响,与传统企业相比,由于消费者获取信息相对容易,厂商不具有信息上的优势,无法任意提高价格,价格的决定力量转移到消费者身上,消费者享有对他有利的价格,因此网络企业承受更大的定价压力。网络企业制定正确的价格就显得尤为重要,文章简要对网络环境下产品定价的影响因素进行分析。     

基于政府补贴分析的新能源战略博弈模型研究

企业在新能源战略中如果不发展新能源战略带来的成本节约率ε1越高,其边际成本C1越低,新能源产品和传统产品的价格差异越大。随着消费者对每个环境满意度愿意支付的K值的增加,两个厂商的产品价格都会增加,也就是说,随着消费者环保意识的增加,环境满意度支付意愿也会增加,这样的结果不仅仅是生产新能源的厂商2受益,厂商1也会受益;政府提高市场最低绿色程度准入标准,低绿色程度的传统产品和新能源产品的价格都会增加。政府设定的市场最低绿色准入标准会对两个厂商的市场份额有影响。     

异质性厂商合作研发的最优投入水平及其成本分摊机制

在产品差异化的Betrand模型中引入具有需求创造效应的创新,构建一个异质性厂商进行合作研发和价格竞争的两阶段动态博弈模型,研究异质性厂商合作研发的最优研发投入以及研发成本的分摊机制.研究发现,异质性厂商间合作研发的最优研发投入水平和成本分摊比例主要取决于市场容量、自身价格效应、交叉价格效应及研发的需求创造效应;根据自身价格效应、交叉价格效应及研发的需求创造效应确定合作研发成本的分摊比例时,基于Betrand竞争的异质性厂商通过合作研发可以提高其均衡价格、产量和利润.     

网络效应下的标准竞争和企业兼容策略选择

网络效应下的标准竞争与兼容理论是产业组织理论新兴的研究领域.在网络效应明显的市场上,标准竞争成为市场竞争的焦点,企业只有赢得标准竞争才能赢得市场,而消费者的选择是决定企业胜负的关键,因此企业必须获得消费者信任,争取扩大产品的用户群.为了增加产品的网络效应,企业必须把握影响消费者选择的因素,从这一层面上来讲,企业产品的兼容性将成为影响消费者选择的重要因素.本文从介绍网络效应和标准竞争的内涵开始,逐步展开,依次分析影响消费者选择的因素及标准兼容的效应,最后对目前国内学者关于"网络效应下企业兼容策略选择"的理论进行综述.     

长尾市场网络销售商的订单履行渠道选择模型

研究传统市场和长尾市场条件下,网络零售商保有库存策略和直运策略的选择模型。建立了单周期动态仿真模型,进行了算例仿真,测算了市场竞争、供应商折扣、零售商订购策略和消费者对网络销售方式的接受程度等影响因素对网络零售商总利润的影响。结果表明,在缺乏定价权的实际条件下,网络零售商要获得更高的销售利润,需要增加产品品类、争取更大的价格折扣、采购合适数量的产品、选择合适的订单履行渠道。在未来的长尾市场中,产品品类更多、竞争更激烈、消费者选择产品的视野更开阔,直运方式将代替保有库存方式成为许多网络零售商的主流订单履行方式。     

营销网络重构

大多数厂商在市场出现之日起,就建立了具有严格排他性的营销网络,并随着时间推移,表现愈为强烈。在自己的网络体系中,别的厂商不能介入,特别是是在名牌企业中表现尤为强烈,百事可乐与可口可乐就规定自己的经销商不能出售对方的产品。这种作法在维护自己的市场份额上起了一定作用,但在买方市场上,消费者选择面较宽广,厂商在各自分割的市场里,大多会抑人扬己（厂商即使不这样做,经销商也会这样做）,这就使得许多潜在的消费者感到一头雾水,真假难辨,影响了市场消费总量的提高。营销网络重构,甚作用在于降低交易费用,使产品能更…     

广告定位的六种策略

1．功效定位。广告突出商品功效，以示区别于同类商品，从而增加消费者的选择性需求。2.品质定位。广告强调产品独特的品质，这种广告定位，便于消费者具体了解产品独特的品质，可以起到很好的诱导消费者的作用。3．价格定位。当商品的品质、性能、造型等方面与市场上同类商品相近似时，没有什么特殊之处可吸引消费者，在此情况下，运用价格定位策略往往比较有效。4.市场定位。广告将商品定位在最有利的市场位置上。5．观念定位。这是突出商品的意义，改变消费者的习惯心理，树立新的商品观。6．形象定位。企业形象对产品促销具有长远的影响…     

股份制商业银行运用差异化营销战略问题研究

一、实行差异化营销战略的意义差异化战略是指企业的产品在价格、性能、款式、品牌、顾客服务等方面，与其他企业比较有显著的差别，具有独创性、独特性。差异化营销战略则是指企业要利用有差别的产品、服务、品牌降低顾客对产品价格的敏感，推出针对客户的不同需求的特别产品及服务，吸引客户，扩大市场占有率。如果这种特色给产品带来的溢出价格超过因其独特性所增加的成本，并能够成功地使顾客对企业的产品逐渐增加信任度，成为企业忠实的顾客，然后引发“口碑广告”的强势效应。那么，拥有这种差异化营销特色的企业将取得竞争优势。股份…     

网络零售环境下生鲜水果参考价格影响因素

参考价格是决定消费者价格感知和购买决策的核心因素,在中国的网络零售环境下进行相关研究有着极为重要的指导意义。以网络市场环境下的生鲜水果产品作为研究对象,考察影响消费者参考价格的因素,结果表明,在中国网络市场环境下销售的水果产品,消费者的参考价格与产品的销售价格正相关;与相对价格正相关;与水果的品质偏好和价格搜寻活动负相关。此外,年龄和教育水平对消费者的参考价格有影响。最后对研究结果进行了讨论,并对网络销售水果提出了相关建议。     

网络外部效应对产业投资的影响:以电信业为例

本文立足于网络外部效应，认为在没有政府规制或规制权重不是更多地赋予消费者时，尽管网络型公用产业的资产是沉淀性的且专用性强，但投入之后议价优势不会从投资者转移到消费者，投资者利润不会被消费者剥夺，不愿投资或投资不足的情况不会出现。这种观点至少对电信业是适用的。对于像电信业这类具有网络外部效应的产业，我们的主要结论是：随着使用者的增多，消费者对产业提供的产品偏好增强，使得需求曲线外移且变得更陡，进而使消费者效用增加，产业的市场势力增强，尽管产业能够得到的潜在消费者剩余的份额变小，利润却增加了。在此情形下，网络型公用产业的投资是连续而充足的。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Ansätze und Ergebnisse anglo-amerikanischer M&A-Forschung

Based on a review of established U.S. management journals (1995–2003), six schools of thought are identified within the Anglo-American M&;A research: “Capital Market”, “Principal/Agent”, “Industrial Organization”, “Organizational Behavior”, “Human Resources” and “Strategic Management”. The literature review shows that the definition of M&;A success, the methods applied, and insights from empirical research differ according to the respective school of thought. Empirical studies focus on the resource combinations of merger partners, the specific circumstances of merger negotiations, and on integration management as antecedents of merger performance. Unfortunately, empirical findings have not yet provided reliable explanations for M&;A success. Based on the current state of Anglo-American M&;A research, the authors discuss implications for business practice, identify research gaps, and propose areas for future research.     

Introduction of New Technology with a Sound Transition of the Input-Output Structure

We examine the general equilibrium repercussions associated with the introduction of new technologies, using the generalized Leontief system that allows technological substitutions. We show that an untested introduction of cost-increasing technologies in any industry may result in creating a non-productive technological structure that does not satisfy the Hawkins-Simon condition, following the autonomous dynamic adjustment process with structural transitions in the economic system. Therefore, we propose a practicable control scheme of introducing cost-increasing technologies that strictly avoids the creation of non-productive structures in all periods of structural transition, using the available information on the ex ante technological structure.