考虑制造商质量水平的供应链质量契约研究

研究一个供应商和一个制造商的二级供应链模型,综合考虑了供应商的质量水平、制造商的检测水平和制造商的质量水平,设计了两个供应链质量契约,并证明供应商承担内部损失成本、制造商承担外部损失成本的契约不能实现供应链整体最优,供应商和制造商共同分担内部损失成本和外部损失成本的契约可以达到供应链最优水平,并给出分摊系数。     

考虑制造商质量水平的供应链质量契约研究

研究一个供应商和一个制造商的二级供应链模型,综合考虑了供应商的质量水平、制造商的检测水平和制造商的质量水平,设计了两个供应链质量契约,并证明供应商承担内部损失成本、制造商承担外部损失成本的契约不能实现供应链整体最优,供应商和制造商共同分担内部损失成本和外部损失成本的契约可以达到供应链最优水平,并给出分摊系数.     

供应链质量风险管理的单委托—多代理激励模型研究

质量激励合同是供应链质量风险管理的重要途径,本文考虑由一个制造商和两个供应商组成的供应链,从制造商对供应商质量风险监管的角度出发,建立了单委托人—多代理人质量激励模型,拓展分析了影响激励报酬系数和供应商质量风险防范水平的各种不同因素,为供应链质量风险管理环境下建立有效的质量激励合同提供理论依据。     

供需链节点企业技术创新合作模式选择的博弈分析

供应商与制造商之间的技术流动与商业化合作日驱频繁,因此有必要研究供需链节点企业技术创新合作模式选择问题。文中在供需链环境下,建立供应商与制造商技术创新的完全信息动态博弈模型,引入准投资弹性变量,探讨供需链中供应商与制造商进行技术创新的条件与时机问题,通过对制造商与供应商之间的技术创新合作方式博弈分析,得出准投资弹性变量影响下技术创新方式选择的临界条件,并将模型拓展到n维领域的创新方式选择问题,文中结论对供需链节点处企业技术创新活动的选择具有一定的现实指导意义。     

基于博弈分析的供应链质量协调机制设计

本文以博弈论为研究方法,通过供应链质量协调的一般模型和无限次重复博弈模型的研究,分析了各参数对供应商S和制造商M战略选择的影响。同时,总结了制造商和顾客应该如何在供应链中发挥自身的监测作用,促使供应商提供高质量水平的产品。     

考虑责任违规中断的负责任采购博弈

随着全球供应链的发展,供应商过程违规越来越成为供应中断的常见原因。为改善过程合规性,很多跨国公司已经在全球范围内,尤其是发展中国家实施负责任采购。针对供应商-采购方过程行为建模内生化责任违规中断风险,构建采购方和风险供应商之间的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究订货比例、成本结构等对决策产生的影响。通过比较静态分析发现,在责任违规中断风险下,即使跨国公司的订单占比较小,风险供应商也有动力不断提高合规水平直至完全合规。这说明跨国公司可通过游说当地政府提高对过程违规行为的监管和惩罚,以此激励风险供应商提高合规努力。     

包含供应商绩效反馈的采购订单优化模型研究

基于供应商选择与评价的三阶段模型,在已有合格供应商的年度绩效评价结果基础上,以采购总成本最小和质量最优为目标,建立了具有绩效评价反馈的订单分配多目标规划模型,引人绩效因子改进传统目标规划中的变量非负约束,在已有的合格供应商群体中求解最优年度订单分配方案,以大型钢铁企业煤炭采购为例对有绩效反馈和无绩效反馈的供应商订单分配方案进行比较,结果是有绩效评价反馈的方案优于无绩效反馈的订单分配方案,具有绩效评价反馈的订单分配更符合企业供应商关系管理的实际需要。     

包含供应商绩效反馈的采购订单优化模型研究

基于供应商选择与评价的三阶段模型,在已有合格供应商的年度绩效评价结果基础上,以采购总成本最小和质量最优为目标,建立了具有绩效评价反馈的订单分配多目标规划模型,引入绩效因子改进传统目标规划中的变量非负约束,在已有的合格供应商群体中求解最优年度订单分配方案,以大型钢铁企业煤炭采购为例对有绩效反馈和无绩效反馈的供应商订单分配方案进行比较,结果是有绩效评价反馈的方案优于无绩效反馈的订单分配方案,具有绩效评价反馈的订单分配更符合企业供应商关系管理的实际需要.     

考虑价格风险的供应链混合合约决策

研究了一个由产业服务商、制造商和原材料供应商组成的供应链原材料价格风险管理博弈模型。在远期合约和期权合约的基础上,构建了综合远期和期权的混合合约策略。利用均值-方差度量了具有风险规避的产业服务商的效用函数,得到了制造商和产业服务商接受合约的条件。在单一远期合约、单一期权合约和混合合约模型下,比较了产业服务商的效用。通过数值分析,验证了混合合约策略和期货套期保值的优越性,并分析了期现货价格相关性对合约定价和效用的影响。结果表明,在满足特定条件的情况下,混合合约优于其他两种合约。数值分析结果表明,期货套期保值可以有效降低产业服务商面临的价格风险,实现供应链的价格风险管理。     

基于灰色层次分析法与灰聚类相结合的供应商风险评价研究

首先从环境、财务、技术、交易、质量、信息、信誉、价格8个方面建立了供应商风险指标体系;然后,基于该指标体系,综合运用灰色层次分析法与灰聚类建立了评估模型来评估供应商风险;最后,通过该评估模型在某企业供应商风险评估中的实际算例,验证了此评估模型的有效性和可行性。     

Sourcing Decisions with Capacity Reservations under Supply Disruptions

Firms employing both offshore outsourcing and nearshore sourcing strategies may face supply disruption, demand uncertainty, and quality risks simultaneously. Sourcing decisions become inevitably important and complicated when both profit and the customer-service level are taken into consideration. In this paper, we model a scenario where a manufacturer who faces stochastic demand procures major modules from an overseas supplier and two local suppliers. The overseas supplier offers quality products while being susceptible to disruption risks; if the local suppliers, who are completely reliable and serve as a backup, offer products that are of inferior quality, it may result in lower market acceptance and a bad experience for the final customers. The manufacturer has to reserve capacity with backup suppliers before urgent orders are placed, when the primary source experiences a shortfall. We explicitly derive the manufacturer’s optimal order quantities and reservation quantities, which are functions of the heterogeneous suppliers’ wholesale prices, reservation prices, and other parameters. The impacts of the fill-rate constraint and customer-experience quality constraint on the manufacturer’s purchasing decisions are investigated. Interesting managerial insights on the merits of backup sourcing with capacity reservations for managing demand uncertainties and supply disruption risks are also discussed.     

Global supplier selection using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy goal programming

Global supplier selection is a multi-goal multi-criteria problem which needs to consider both qualitative and quantitative factors. Which suppliers are the best and how much should be purchased from the selected suppliers is an important purchasing issue for manufacturers. Traditionally, decision makers can determine the best supplier from evaluating few suppliers with qualitative supplier selection criteria by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), but evaluate dozens of global suppliers simultaneously or determine the order quantity from them will be complex and difficult. Meanwhile, decision makers can determine the order quantity form the suitable suppliers by using fuzzy goal programming (FGP); however, it is not easy to decide weights for each goal of global supplier selection with different supply chain strategies. This study integrated the FAHP and FGP (FAHP-FGP) method to be a new approach for global supplier selection in considering the manufacturer’s supply chain strategies. With FAHP-FGP method, the manufacturer can consistently integrate multi-manager’ opinions in determining weights of each goal and obtain the order quantities for suitable suppliers based on manufacturer’s strategies. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, a real-world case of a digital consumer products manufacturer is presented.     

供应链环境下供应商的最佳数目问题探讨

在供应链管理环境下，供应链合作关系的运作需要减少供应源的数量（长期成本最小化的需要，但并非单一供应源），企业间相互的联结变得更专有（精密合作的需要），并且制造商会在全球市场范围内寻找杰出的供应商。本文就针对供应商的数量这一问题，采用两个模型分别对商业物流系统和制造业物流系统中企业选择供应商进行了探讨，对现实中确定供应商的数目具有一定的指导意义。     

基于Stackelberg博弈的连续性生产企业原料采购优化模型

文中以连续性生产企业原料采购为研究对象,选择单个供应商和单个生产商组成的两层供应链子系统,探讨在不确定性环境与信息不对称情形下,采用Stackelberg博弈理论建立采购批量折扣模型,使得供应商利用批量折扣使双方成本达到最优并降低不确定性带来的风险,应用实例表明该方法能够有效地改善供应链的协调性。     

Pattern of information technology use: The impact on buyer–suppler coordination and performance

The use of information technologies between supply chain organizations has been shown to promote organizational coordination and have a positive impact on performance. Drawing from organizational theories of learning, we build on this research by proposing a model that relates the pattern of supplier use of IT to specific types of supply chain coordination activities and a comprehensive set of organizational benefits. Specifically, we evaluate how two patterns of IT use by suppliers (exploitation and exploration) relate to two specific types of coordination activities with their buyers (operational and strategic coordination), which in turn are posited to promote specific organizational benefits. Using data from 241 first-tier OEM suppliers in the computer industry, our findings show that each pattern of IT use directly promotes a specific type of coordination activity. Although both types of coordination activities are needed to achieve both strategic and operational benefits, we find each coordination activity to be uniquely promoted by a specific pattern of IT use. IT use for exploitation is found to be an antecedent to operational coordination; IT use for exploration is found to be an antecedent to strategic coordination. No crossover between pattern of use and coordination activities is found. Our findings show that to achieve a complete set of benefits, suppliers must ultimately use IT for both exploration and exploitation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism of how the pattern of IT use can result in a comprehensive set of organizational benefits for supplier firms.     

‘Sweet deals’: State-owned enterprises,corruption and repeated contracts in public procurement

We show how a price analysis of stable relations between customer and supplier in the public procurement of homogeneous goods can help differentiate opportunistic from honest behaviour among economic agents. We consider two types of stable relations: repeated procurements and connections based on the state ownership of suppliers. On the basis of a large dataset on the procurement of granulated sugar in Russia from 2011 to 2013, we find that for private suppliers, prices of repeated contracts were lower compared to one-time deals when procured through more transparent procedures and higher when procured through non-transparent procedures. For non-transparent procedures, we observe significant overpricing of contracts with state-owned suppliers compared to private suppliers, especially in the case of repeated contracts, whereas for competitive e-auctions, there is only a small difference between the contract prices of state-owned suppliers and private suppliers.     

Assessing the utility of private information in transportation planning studies: A case study of trip generation analysis

The extent to which private information should be used in planning for transportation infrastructure has not been fully resolved. To contribute to this debate, this paper discusses the argument for using private information by presenting a transportation planning case study in which the sample size required to detect a significant difference in two types of residential trip generation rates was reduced. One rate is based on ground counts and the other is based on household surveys. The number of vehicle trips generated by suburban dwelling units over a 24-h period is a critical element in the transportation planning process.When no-private information was used, the rates derived using the two methods were not statistically different. However, the use of private information might lead to different rates. Private information, described herein as individual transportation decisions, is defined by four characteristics: individually identifying (not anonymous); linked to another data source (not aggregated); available to a limited audience (not unlimited); and available for only a specific, socially legitimate use.The potential discrepancy between rates using ground counts and household survey data provides an opportunity to investigate the utility of private information. Simulations with an existing data set were performed to determine the extent to which additional private information could have revealed a discrepancy. The study concluded that the required sample size decreases substantially depending on the amount of private information available. The use of limited private information reduces the required sample size by over 30%. With more private information, the required sample size is reduced by over 90%. Thus, the use of robust statistical tests that is infeasible with only public information is possible with the availability of private data.The significance of this study is the approach presented to evaluate the utility of private information by documenting the tangible benefits, such as reduced sample sizes and reduced data collection costs, that will accrue if it is used. The political cost of acquiring the information can then be addressed, as can extending the approach to other situations where the use of private information is being considered.     

模糊层次分析法(FAHP)在供应商评价选择中的应用

人在决策时常有模糊性.然而先前的供应商评价模型却常常忽略了这点.因此本文首先介绍了模糊层次分析法（Fuzzy AHP）,然后提出了实际企业中选择供应商时考虑的因素,最后应用该方法建立了一个供应商模糊评价模型.该模型考虑了人判断的模糊性.在生产实践中,它可以帮助生产企业更准确地选择供应商.     

Contractual solutions to hold-up problems with quality uncertainty and unobservable investments

Consider a seller and a buyer who write a contract. After that, the seller produces a good. She can influence the expected quality of the good by making unobservable investments. Only the seller learns the realized quality. Finally, trade can occur. It is always ex post efficient to trade. Yet, it may be impossible to achieve the first best, even though the risk-neutral parties are symmetrically informed at the contracting stage and complete contracts can be written. The second best is characterized by distortions that are reminiscent of adverse selection models (i.e., models with precontractual private information but without hidden actions).     

Examining supply chain relationships: Do buyer and supplier perspectives on collaborative relationships differ?

Firms are building collaborative relationships with their supply chain partners in order to achieve efficiencies, flexibility, and sustainable competitive advantage. However, it is unclear if collaborative relationships provide benefits that compensate for the additional expense associated with such relationships. Further, it is unclear what factors promote successful collaborations. This research examines collaborative relationships in two separate studies using structural equation modeling: one study examines buyers’ perceptions and the second study examines suppliers’ perceptions. The two studies are then compared using invariance testing in order to determine economic and relational factors that drive satisfaction and performance from each party's perspective. Results show that collaborative activities, such as information sharing, joint relationship effort, and dedicated investments lead to trust and commitment. Trust and commitment, in turn, lead to improved satisfaction and performance. Results from the two independent studies exhibit similarities and differences; while the conceptual model is highly similar, certain paths vary in their significance and/or their importance across buyer and supplier firms such that buyers focus more on relationship outcomes while suppliers look to safeguard their transaction specific investments through information sharing and joint relationship effort. Managerial and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.