China and India’s economic relations with African Countries – neo-colonialism eastern style?

A significant feature of globalisation is the advent of Chinese and Indian firms as overseas investors. Investments by these two countries though not large in volume have grown apace and given a new lease of life to writings on foreign direct investment. Most of these studies including the statistical studies on the determinants of these investments replicate the conclusions of studies on foreign investment in general. Although not large in volume investments of Chinese and Indian firms in natural resource extraction industries, including oil in African countries, have reignited the controversies on the contribution of foreign investment to development. This paper reviews the contribution of these studies and argues that a fresh perspective is required to analyse both the determinants and impact of foreign investment by China and India on the host economies. Their contribution to the development of the African countries may be much more substantial than that of investments by the developed countries mostly because of their experience and awareness of development issues.     

What India Can Learn from China and Vice Versa

A partial convergence of the Indian and Chinese growth models is likely. Judging from China's experience, sustaining India's impressive economic performance of recent years will require a significant further opening of its economy (externally and internally), higher savings and investments, especially in physical infrastructure and social services, and stronger labor absorption in the modern sectors. The base of India's current economic boom - software, IT-related services and high-end manufacturing - is narrow compared to China's. Poor performance in agriculture is responsible for still significant poverty in many parts of rural India. Bilateral India-China ties, including trade and investment, are increasing rapidly and could help to bring about the structural economic changes India needs. Through its exports to China, India is becoming linked to global supply chains centered on China. The notion that India-China relations are, or are bound to become, fundamentally antagonistic, held by many in the USA, is mistaken and potentially dangerous.     

Firm location choice in cities: Evidence from China,India, and Brazil

This paper contributes to the industrial location literature by examining why industry locates or refrains from locating in large, medium and small cities of India, China and Brazil using firm-level data from the World Bank. Results from ordered logistic regressions indicate that capital cities are not attractive for firms to locate, when they are large. In India and China, labor intensive firms do not locate in large cities. Proximity to inputs has a positive impact on firm location in China. While availability of inputs has a positive impact on firm location in India, the availability of raw materials has a negative impact on firm location in Brazil. Firms established in post-reform period in India tend to locate in large cities; in China, these firms avoid medium and large cities. The implications for urban governance in these countries are discussed.     

Multi-dimensional deprivation in the awakening giants: A comparison of China and India on micro data

This paper compares multidimensional deprivation in India and China during the 1990s and beyond. The analysis is based on unit record data. The paper disaggregates the overall deprivation by categories, and compares the deprivation distribution between the two countries. The study reports that the high growth rates did not translate into an unambiguous improvement in living standards in either country. Deprivation is still unacceptably high in some categories. While rural deprivation is much higher in India than in China, they face similar levels of urban deprivation. China outperforms India on both child and maternal health.     

中国和欧洲城市创意产业发展的比较研究

中国和欧洲的城市发展创意产业所面临的经济基础、社会环境和文化制度有较大的区别,比较研究中欧创意产业发展路径的相似与不同,对梳理我国创意产业的发展框架,吸取欧洲发达城市创意产业发展的先进经验,具有重要的现实意义。本文从创意产业的本质切入,剖析不同国家和地区对创意产业的内容和范围给予的不同理解和划分,详细论述了中国创意产业的发展路径,并从空间布局、法律保护、市场资源、文化氛围四个方面着手,比较了中欧城市创意产业发展框架的迥异。     

北京:建设有中国特色世界城市的策略选择

奥运会后北京的世界影响力显著提高,北京建设有中国特色的世界城市受到世人高度关注。本文在借鉴发达国家世界城市发展规律和经验的基础上,探讨性地阐述了北京建设有中国特色世界城市的发展模式、发展规律和发展要点。     

中印城市化比较研究

通过中印城市化基础、城市化动力、城市化演进以及城市化进程中政府作用四个方面的比较,结合国际经验,在现有数据基础上对比分析两国城市化过程中的异同点,提出中印两国可以相互借鉴城市化经验、取长补短走出一条更为合理的城市化之路的政策建议。     

Creeping Tiger, Soaring Dragon： India, China and Competition in Information Technologies

Although conventional international economic wisdom holds China's hardware and India's software industries to be equipotential, little attempt has been made to compare their information industries in an overarching dynamic framework. Using a schema that links intellectual to financial value creation, it is found that China has systematically moved ahead in creating a self‐supporting industrial and innovation ecosystem. Hardware enjoys higher barriers to entry, which the Chinese companies are increasingly reinforcing with intellectual property investments. In addition to being better integrated with the global economy, they are also buttressed by the huge domestic market. The overdependence of Indian firms on selling low‐value services to a few countries and insulation from domestic demand make them vulnerable to emerging competition and international economic ill‐winds. The two countries provide a study in contrast on the effects of divergent industrial strategies.     

我国城市物流的理论框架

城市物流已经成为现代城市经济、区域经济的重要组成部分,同时也是城市与城市、城市与区域进行经济交流的桥梁。因而,城市物流的发展对于优化城市经济结构,提升区域竞争力等方面具有重要意义。本文基于城市物流的理论,在分析我国城市物流存在问题及根源的基础上,构建了城市物流的理论框架,并对未来城市物流的发展趋势进行了展望。     

What should economists know about the current Chinese hukou system?

This article explains the current hukou system in China and provides the most recent evidence on the impact of the hukou system on the Chinese labor market and economy. By a comprehensive literature survey, this paper shows that the hukou system plays in two major roles in current China. First, workers with different hukou face different costs of living in cities and have different access to government-provided public services and welfare programs in the urban areas. Migrants with rural and non-local hukou working in the Chinese big cities have no or little access to welfare programs provided by local city governments. Second, there exists labor market discrimination against rural hukou holders in cities, especially in the urban high-wage sector such as state-owned enterprises. The current hukou system has a negative impact on rural-to-urban migration in China as well as on economic efficiency and equality by reducing the expected benefits associated with migration.     

Explaining the Productivity Growth Gap Between China and India: The Role of Structural Transformation

Chinese and Indian aggregate productivity growth has been significantly different over the last 30 years. This paper studies the role of structural transformation in accounting for the aggregate productivity growth gap between two economies. We calibrate a neoclassical model of structural transformation for China and India. The model implies that higher productivity growth in China's manufacturing and agriculture accounts for most of the aggregate productivity growth gap between the two countries. According to the development strategy of China's government, China would start a new phase of structural transformation whereby employment is moving from manufacturing to services. Since the productivity growth gap in services is pretty small between China and India, if China wants to remain superior in relative productivity, it should improve the productivity growth rate of services. In contrast, the relative performance in India hinges on closing its productivity gap in agriculture and manufacturing relative to China.     

日本对中印投资战略调整研究——政治经济因素探析

近年来,印度经济的异军突起不仅引起了国际学术界广泛的关注,而且也促动了美日等发达国家对外经济战略的转变和调整。尤其是中日之间异常的"政冷经热"导致日本把投资目标转向印度,从而已经呈现出"经热转凉"的新态势,值得我们深思。比较进入新世纪后日本企业对中印两国投资战略的调整,可以探究日本企业投资由中国转向印度的政治经济原因及其经济效应,有助于掌握日本企业对外投资战略新趋势,为中国今后引进外资提供理论依据。     

Measuring Restrictiveness of Bilateral Trade Policies: A Comparison between Developed and Developing Countries

This paper compares the degree of openness to trade of three developed countries markets—the European Union, Japan, the United States—with that of three middle-income countries, namely Brazil, India, and China. A theoretically consistent protection measure—the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index (MTRI)—is employed to average tariffs at different levels of aggregation. The computation relies on a comparative static applied general equilibrium model (Global Trade Analysis Project—GTAP) featuring imperfect competition as well as on the bilateral applied tariffs included in the most recent version of the GTAP database. Results provide a different picture from what could have been expected given the widely publicized diffusion of preferential schemes supposedly favoring developing countries exports. JEL no.  F17, C68, Q17     

Can Time–Space Compression Promote Urban Economic Growth? Evidence from China's High‐speed Rail Projects

This paper studies the effect of high‐speed rail (HSR) on urban economic growth using a panel data comprising 285 Chinese cities in 2007–2017. Combining the endogenous growth model with a difference‐in‐difference analysis, we extend the horse‐mass theory to explain how China may use HSR to avoid the so‐called middle‐income trap. The paper also examines the efficient boundaries of HSR and simultaneously studies HSR time–space compression as well as the city neighboring effects on economic growth. It is found that HSR's efficient boundaries are within the range of 200–1,200 km for provincial capitals and 50–300 km for prefecture‐level cities. HSR stimulates economic growth by approximately 0.6 percent, and the neighboring effect accounts for one‐quarter of economic growth. Three policy implications are drawn: (i) China needs to further reduce the travel times between the inland provincial cities and Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou; (ii) China should build a denser HSR network to maximize its economic impact on the vast majority of cities; (iii) China needs to develop some powerful economic growth centers in the inland areas to lead the development of their neighboring cities.     

“金砖国家”网络通信服务及数字产品交易市场发展现状

当前存在并广泛使用的计算机网络体系是数字产品交易兴起和发展的重要基础,反过来数字产品交易市场也成为促进计算机网络基础设施和通信服务水平发展的催化剂。在这种背景下,随着“金砖国家”网络覆盖率和通信服务水平的提高,网络用户对数字产品的需求日益增加。本文通过对“金砖国家”互联网基础设施和网络通信服务发展水平的分析发现,中国、俄罗斯和巴西已经形成相对完整、符合当前发展需要的网络服务体系,而印度和南非还处于后发阶段。通过对“金砖国家”数字产品交易市场发展现状的分析可以看出,中国在各类数字产品的生产和销售方面具有绝对优势,俄罗斯和巴西处于快速发展阶段,甚至在个别领域超过中国,而印度和南非的数字产品交易市场则处于萌芽阶段。     

高铁开通对区域创新格局的影响及其作用机制

交通基础设施是区域创新体系的重要组成部分,创新活动对交通基础设施具有内在依赖性。从理论上讲,作为联接不同城市的重要交通方式,高铁开通为城市创新活动提供了诸多便利条件,会促进高铁城市创新网络的形成,加快知识传播与溢出,提升城市创新水平,并缩小高铁城市之间创新差距。文章基于我国2003年至2016年285个城市面板数据,运用双重差分模型和空间面板计量模型,实证分析了高铁开通对区域创新空间格局的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,高铁开通提高了城市通达性,强化了高铁城市内部知识与技术溢出,带动了城市创新要素集聚,并对区域创新空间格局产生深刻影响。一方面,高铁开通对城市创新的影响具有"俱乐部效应",促进了高铁城市内部科技创新的均衡化发展,缩小高铁城市创新差距;另一方面,高铁开通也会强化高铁城市与非高铁城市科技创新的二元化发展趋势,拉大两者创新水平差距。     

中国创意产业发展的影响因素及策略研究

基于相关理论和文献,文章提出影响我国城市创意产业发展的主要因素包括制度因素、人才储备、城市开放程度、城市基础设施水平,并对我国43个城市进行了实证研究.结果表明,人才储备是影响我国城市创意产业发展的最主要因素;城市基础设施水平、外在制度和城市开放程度对创意产业发展产生显著的正影响,强度依次递减;内在制度的影响尚不显著,这与我国城市创意产业协会的发展情况有关,今后应重视内在制度的作用,并与外在制度形成互补.在此基础上,根据影响文化创意产业的因素指数,进一步划分了城市创意梯队,提出第一集团城市群应“软”为先,第二集团应以“软”为主、“硬”为辅,第三集团应“软”“硬”兼施,第四集团应以“硬”为先的创意产业发展策略.     

新疆城市基础设施建设绩效的实证分析

本文以新疆城市基础设施建设为研究对象,分析了新疆加大城市基础设施建设投入的重要性。通过构建指标体系对新疆22个城市的基础设施建设的绩效作了评价分析,最后结合分析的结果提出了一些推进新疆城市基础设施建设的相关建议。     

物流与中国城市化

中国未来的发展非常需要物流和供应链管理。物流将成为中国城市化进程的支撑手段。物流支撑产业转移,推动经济一体化,提升城市与区域核心竞争力。以城市为单元,构建城市基础设施,建立城市物流体系,减少交通拥堵,降低排放,是建设和谐城市、幸福城市和可持续城市的重要举措。     

Rural Industrialization: A comparison of development planning in China and India

This paper attempts to show the very considerable differences in rural industry promotion and development in China and India. Both countries have a rural industrial sector with employment levels in the region of 20 million. Overall figures and characteristics are compared and contrasted. The Chinese planners stress skill formation and the development of regional industrial structures while employment per se is emphasized in India. This has considerable consequences for urban–rural relations, which are specifically discussed in the Chinese context. Finally, the paper shows how the expansion of the rural industrial sector enables the consolidation of the collective economy at a higher level and thus assists the implementation of socialist transformation.